Selectables, Tables, FROM objects¶

The term “selectable” refers to any object that rows can be selected from; in SQLAlchemy, these objects descend from FromClause and their distinguishing feature is their FromClause.c attribute, which is a namespace of all the columns contained within the FROM clause (these elements are themselves ColumnElement subclasses).

sqlalchemy.sql.expression.alias(selectable, name=None, flat=False)¶

Return an Alias object.

An Alias represents any FromClause with an alternate name assigned within SQL, typically using the AS clause when generated, e.g. SELECT * FROM table AS aliasname.

Similar functionality is available via the alias() method available on all FromClause subclasses. In terms of a SELECT object as generated from the select() function, the SelectBase.alias() method returns an Alias or similar object which represents a named, parenthesized subquery.

When an Alias is created from a Table object, this has the effect of the table being rendered as tablename AS aliasname in a SELECT statement.

For select() objects, the effect is that of creating a named subquery, i.e. (select ...) AS aliasname.

The name parameter is optional, and provides the name to use in the rendered SQL. If blank, an “anonymous” name will be deterministically generated at compile time. Deterministic means the name is guaranteed to be unique against other constructs used in the same statement, and will also be the same name for each successive compilation of the same statement object.

Parameters:	selectable¶ – any FromClause subclass, such as a table, select statement, etc. name¶ – string name to be assigned as the alias. If None, a name will be deterministically generated at compile time. flat¶ – Will be passed through to if the given selectable is an instance of Join - see Join.alias() for details. New in version 0.9.0.

sqlalchemy.sql.expression.except_(*selects, **kwargs)¶

Return an EXCEPT of multiple selectables.

The returned object is an instance of CompoundSelect.

*selects

a list of Select instances.

**kwargs

available keyword arguments are the same as those of select().

sqlalchemy.sql.expression.except_all(*selects, **kwargs)¶

Return an EXCEPT ALL of multiple selectables.

The returned object is an instance of CompoundSelect.

*selects

a list of Select instances.

**kwargs

available keyword arguments are the same as those of select().

sqlalchemy.sql.expression.exists(*args, **kwargs)¶

Construct a new Exists against an existing Select object.

Calling styles are of the following forms:

# use on an existing select()
s = select([table.c.col1]).where(table.c.col2==5)
s = exists(s)

# construct a select() at once
exists(['*'], **select_arguments).where(criterion)

# columns argument is optional, generates "EXISTS (SELECT *)"
# by default.
exists().where(table.c.col2==5)

sqlalchemy.sql.expression.intersect(*selects, **kwargs)¶

Return an INTERSECT of multiple selectables.

The returned object is an instance of CompoundSelect.

*selects

a list of Select instances.

**kwargs

available keyword arguments are the same as those of select().

sqlalchemy.sql.expression.intersect_all(*selects, **kwargs)¶

Return an INTERSECT ALL of multiple selectables.

The returned object is an instance of CompoundSelect.

*selects

a list of Select instances.

**kwargs

available keyword arguments are the same as those of select().

sqlalchemy.sql.expression.join(left, right, onclause=None, isouter=False, full=False)¶

Produce a Join object, given two FromClause expressions.

E.g.:

j = join(user_table, address_table,
         user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)

would emit SQL along the lines of:

SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id

Similar functionality is available given any FromClause object (e.g. such as a Table) using the FromClause.join() method.

Parameters:

left¶ – The left side of the join. right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. isouter¶ – if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN. New in version 1.1.

See also

FromClause.join() - method form, based on a given left side

Join - the type of object produced

sqlalchemy.sql.expression.lateral(selectable, name=None)¶

Return a Lateral object.

Lateral is an Alias subclass that represents a subquery with the LATERAL keyword applied to it.

The special behavior of a LATERAL subquery is that it appears in the FROM clause of an enclosing SELECT, but may correlate to other FROM clauses of that SELECT. It is a special case of subquery only supported by a small number of backends, currently more recent PostgreSQL versions.

New in version 1.1.

See also

LATERAL correlation - overview of usage.

sqlalchemy.sql.expression.outerjoin(left, right, onclause=None, full=False)¶

Return an OUTER JOIN clause element.

The returned object is an instance of Join.

Similar functionality is also available via the outerjoin() method on any FromClause.

Parameters:	left¶ – The left side of the join. right¶ – The right side of the join. onclause¶ – Optional criterion for the ON clause, is derived from foreign key relationships established between left and right otherwise.

To chain joins together, use the FromClause.join() or FromClause.outerjoin() methods on the resulting Join object.

sqlalchemy.sql.expression.select(columns=None, whereclause=None, from_obj=None, distinct=False, having=None, correlate=True, prefixes=None, suffixes=None, **kwargs)¶

Construct a new Select.

Similar functionality is also available via the FromClause.select() method on any FromClause.

All arguments which accept ClauseElement arguments also accept string arguments, which will be converted as appropriate into either text() or literal_column() constructs.

See also

Selecting - Core Tutorial description of select().

Parameters:

columns¶ – A list of ColumnElement or FromClause objects which will form the columns clause of the resulting statement. For those objects that are instances of FromClause (typically Table or Alias objects), the FromClause.c collection is extracted to form a collection of ColumnElement objects. This parameter will also accept Text constructs as given, as well as ORM-mapped classes. Note The select.columns parameter is not available in the method form of select(), e.g. FromClause.select(). See also Select.column() Select.with_only_columns() whereclause¶ – A ClauseElement expression which will be used to form the WHERE clause. It is typically preferable to add WHERE criterion to an existing Select using method chaining with Select.where(). See also Select.where() from_obj¶ – A list of ClauseElement objects which will be added to the FROM clause of the resulting statement. This is equivalent to calling Select.select_from() using method chaining on an existing Select object. See also Select.select_from() - full description of explicit FROM clause specification. autocommit¶ – legacy autocommit parameter. Deprecated since version 0.6: The select.autocommit parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please refer to the Connection.execution_options.autocommit parameter in conjunction with the the Executable.execution_options() method in order to affect the autocommit behavior for a statement. bind=None¶ – an Engine or Connection instance to which the resulting Select object will be bound. The Select object will otherwise automatically bind to whatever Connectable instances can be located within its contained ClauseElement members. correlate=True¶ – indicates that this Select object should have its contained FromClause elements “correlated” to an enclosing Select object. It is typically preferable to specify correlations on an existing Select construct using Select.correlate(). See also Select.correlate() - full description of correlation. distinct=False¶ – when True, applies a DISTINCT qualifier to the columns clause of the resulting statement. The boolean argument may also be a column expression or list of column expressions - this is a special calling form which is understood by the PostgreSQL dialect to render the DISTINCT ON (<columns>) syntax. distinct is also available on an existing Select object via the distinct() method. See also Select.distinct() for_update=False¶ – when True, applies FOR UPDATE to the end of the resulting statement. for_update accepts various string values interpreted by specific backends, including: "read" - on MySQL, translates to LOCK IN SHARE MODE; on PostgreSQL, translates to FOR SHARE. "nowait" - on PostgreSQL and Oracle, translates to FOR UPDATE NOWAIT. "read_nowait" - on PostgreSQL, translates to FOR SHARE NOWAIT. See also Select.with_for_update() - improved API for specifying the FOR UPDATE clause. group_by¶ – a list of ClauseElement objects which will comprise the GROUP BY clause of the resulting select. This parameter is typically specified more naturally using the Select.group_by() method on an existing Select. See also Select.group_by() having¶ – a ClauseElement that will comprise the HAVING clause of the resulting select when GROUP BY is used. This parameter is typically specified more naturally using the Select.having() method on an existing Select. See also Select.having() limit=None¶ – a numerical value which usually renders as a LIMIT expression in the resulting select. Backends that don’t support LIMIT will attempt to provide similar functionality. This parameter is typically specified more naturally using the Select.limit() method on an existing Select. See also Select.limit() offset=None¶ – a numeric value which usually renders as an OFFSET expression in the resulting select. Backends that don’t support OFFSET will attempt to provide similar functionality. This parameter is typically specified more naturally using the Select.offset() method on an existing Select. See also Select.offset() order_by¶ – a scalar or list of ClauseElement objects which will comprise the ORDER BY clause of the resulting select. This parameter is typically specified more naturally using the Select.order_by() method on an existing Select. See also Select.order_by() use_labels=False¶ – when True, the statement will be generated using labels for each column in the columns clause, which qualify each column with its parent table’s (or aliases) name so that name conflicts between columns in different tables don’t occur. The format of the label is <tablename>_<column>. The “c” collection of the resulting Select object will use these names as well for targeting column members. This parameter can also be specified on an existing Select object using the Select.apply_labels() method. See also Select.apply_labels()

sqlalchemy.sql.expression.subquery(alias, *args, **kwargs)¶

Return an Alias object derived from a Select.

name

alias name

*args, **kwargs

all other arguments are delivered to the select() function.

sqlalchemy.sql.expression.table(name, *columns)¶

Produce a new TableClause.

The object returned is an instance of TableClause, which represents the “syntactical” portion of the schema-level Table object. It may be used to construct lightweight table constructs.

Changed in version 1.0.0: expression.table() can now be imported from the plain sqlalchemy namespace like any other SQL element.

Parameters:	name¶ – Name of the table. columns¶ – A collection of expression.column() constructs.

sqlalchemy.sql.expression.tablesample(selectable, sampling, name=None, seed=None)¶

Return a TableSample object.

TableSample is an Alias subclass that represents a table with the TABLESAMPLE clause applied to it. tablesample() is also available from the FromClause class via the FromClause.tablesample() method.

The TABLESAMPLE clause allows selecting a randomly selected approximate percentage of rows from a table. It supports multiple sampling methods, most commonly BERNOULLI and SYSTEM.

e.g.:

from sqlalchemy import func

selectable = people.tablesample(
            func.bernoulli(1),
            name='alias',
            seed=func.random())
stmt = select([selectable.c.people_id])

Assuming people with a column people_id, the above statement would render as:

SELECT alias.people_id FROM
people AS alias TABLESAMPLE bernoulli(:bernoulli_1)
REPEATABLE (random())

New in version 1.1.

Parameters:	sampling¶ – a float percentage between 0 and 100 or functions.Function. name¶ – optional alias name seed¶ – any real-valued SQL expression. When specified, the REPEATABLE sub-clause is also rendered.

sqlalchemy.sql.expression.union(*selects, **kwargs)¶

Return a UNION of multiple selectables.

The returned object is an instance of CompoundSelect.

A similar union() method is available on all FromClause subclasses.

*selects

a list of Select instances.

**kwargs

available keyword arguments are the same as those of select().

sqlalchemy.sql.expression.union_all(*selects, **kwargs)¶

Return a UNION ALL of multiple selectables.

The returned object is an instance of CompoundSelect.

A similar union_all() method is available on all FromClause subclasses.

*selects

a list of Select instances.

**kwargs

available keyword arguments are the same as those of select().

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Alias(*arg, **kw)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.expression.FromClause

Represents an table or selectable alias (AS).

Represents an alias, as typically applied to any table or sub-select within a SQL statement using the AS keyword (or without the keyword on certain databases such as Oracle).

This object is constructed from the alias() module level function as well as the FromClause.alias() method available on all FromClause subclasses.

__eq__¶

inherited from the __eq__ attribute of object

Return self==value.

__le__¶

inherited from the __le__ attribute of object

Return self<=value.

__lt__¶

inherited from the __lt__ attribute of object

Return self<value.

__ne__¶

inherited from the __ne__ attribute of object

Return self!=value.

alias(name=None, flat=False)¶

inherited from the alias() method of FromClause

return an alias of this FromClause.

E.g.:

a2 = some_table.alias('a2')

The above code creates an Alias object which can be used as a FROM clause in any SELECT statement.

See also

Using Aliases and Subqueries

alias()

c¶

inherited from the c attribute of FromClause

An alias for the columns attribute.

columns¶

inherited from the columns attribute of FromClause

A named-based collection of ColumnElement objects maintained by this FromClause.

The columns, or c collection, is the gateway to the construction of SQL expressions using table-bound or other selectable-bound columns:

select([mytable]).where(mytable.c.somecolumn == 5)

compare(other, **kw)¶

inherited from the compare() method of ClauseElement

Compare this ClauseElement to the given ClauseElement.

Subclasses should override the default behavior, which is a straight identity comparison.

**kw are arguments consumed by subclass compare() methods and may be used to modify the criteria for comparison. (see ColumnElement)

compile(default, bind=None, dialect=None, **kw)¶

inherited from the compile() method of ClauseElement

Compile this SQL expression.

The return value is a Compiled object. Calling str() or unicode() on the returned value will yield a string representation of the result. The Compiled object also can return a dictionary of bind parameter names and values using the params accessor.

Parameters:

bind¶ – An Engine or Connection from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. column_keys¶ – Used for INSERT and UPDATE statements, a list of column names which should be present in the VALUES clause of the compiled statement. If None, all columns from the target table object are rendered. dialect¶ – A Dialect instance from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over the bind argument as well as this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. inline¶ – Used for INSERT statements, for a dialect which does not support inline retrieval of newly generated primary key columns, will force the expression used to create the new primary key value to be rendered inline within the INSERT statement’s VALUES clause. This typically refers to Sequence execution but may also refer to any server-side default generation function associated with a primary key Column. compile_kwargs¶ – optional dictionary of additional parameters that will be passed through to the compiler within all “visit” methods. This allows any custom flag to be passed through to a custom compilation construct, for example. It is also used for the case of passing the literal_binds flag through: from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, select t = table('t', column('x')) s = select([t]).where(t.c.x == 5) print s.compile(compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}) New in version 0.9.0.

See also

How do I render SQL expressions as strings, possibly with bound parameters inlined?

correspond_on_equivalents(column, equivalents)¶

inherited from the correspond_on_equivalents() method of FromClause

Return corresponding_column for the given column, or if None search for a match in the given dictionary.

corresponding_column(column, require_embedded=False)¶

inherited from the corresponding_column() method of FromClause

Given a ColumnElement, return the exported ColumnElement object from this Selectable which corresponds to that original Column via a common ancestor column.

Parameters:	column¶ – the target ColumnElement to be matched require_embedded¶ – only return corresponding columns for the given ColumnElement, if the given ColumnElement is actually present within a sub-element of this FromClause. Normally the column will match if it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported columns of this FromClause.

count(functions, whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the count() method of FromClause

return a SELECT COUNT generated against this FromClause.

Deprecated since version 1.1: The FromClause.count() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the functions.count function available from the func namespace.

See also

functions.count

description¶

a brief description of this FromClause.

Used primarily for error message formatting.

foreign_keys¶

inherited from the foreign_keys attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of ForeignKey objects which this FromClause references.

get_children(column_collections=True, **kw)¶

Return immediate child elements of this ClauseElement.

This is used for visit traversal.

**kwargs may contain flags that change the collection that is returned, for example to return a subset of items in order to cut down on larger traversals, or to return child items from a different context (such as schema-level collections instead of clause-level).

is_derived_from(fromclause)¶

Return True if this FromClause is ‘derived’ from the given FromClause.

An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.

join(right, onclause=None, isouter=False, full=False)¶

inherited from the join() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import join

j = user_table.join(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)

would emit SQL along the lines of:

SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. isouter¶ – if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. Implies FromClause.join.isouter. New in version 1.1.

See also

join() - standalone function

Join - the type of object produced

lateral(name=None)¶

inherited from the lateral() method of FromClause

Return a LATERAL alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the Lateral construct also provided by the top-level lateral() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

LATERAL correlation - overview of usage.

outerjoin(right, onclause=None, full=False)¶

inherited from the outerjoin() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause, with the “isouter” flag set to True.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import outerjoin

j = user_table.outerjoin(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)

The above is equivalent to:

j = user_table.join(
    address_table,
    user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id,
    isouter=True)

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. New in version 1.1.

See also

FromClause.join()

Join

params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Returns a copy of this ClauseElement with bindparam() elements replaced with values taken from the given dictionary:

>>> clause = column('x') + bindparam('foo')
>>> print clause.compile().params
{'foo':None}
>>> print clause.params({'foo':7}).compile().params
{'foo':7}

primary_key¶

inherited from the primary_key attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of Column objects which comprise the primary key of this FromClause.

replace_selectable(sqlutil, old, alias)¶

inherited from the replace_selectable() method of FromClause

replace all occurrences of FromClause ‘old’ with the given Alias object, returning a copy of this FromClause.

select(whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the select() method of FromClause

return a SELECT of this FromClause.

See also

select() - general purpose method which allows for arbitrary column lists.

self_group(against=None)¶

Apply a ‘grouping’ to this ClauseElement.

This method is overridden by subclasses to return a “grouping” construct, i.e. parenthesis. In particular it’s used by “binary” expressions to provide a grouping around themselves when placed into a larger expression, as well as by select() constructs when placed into the FROM clause of another select(). (Note that subqueries should be normally created using the Select.alias() method, as many platforms require nested SELECT statements to be named).

As expressions are composed together, the application of self_group() is automatic - end-user code should never need to use this method directly. Note that SQLAlchemy’s clause constructs take operator precedence into account - so parenthesis might not be needed, for example, in an expression like x OR (y AND z) - AND takes precedence over OR.

The base self_group() method of ClauseElement just returns self.

tablesample(sampling, name=None, seed=None)¶

inherited from the tablesample() method of FromClause

Return a TABLESAMPLE alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the TableSample construct also provided by the top-level tablesample() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

tablesample() - usage guidelines and parameters

unique_params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the unique_params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Same functionality as params(), except adds unique=True to affected bind parameters so that multiple statements can be used.

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.CompoundSelect(keyword, *selects, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.expression.GenerativeSelect

Forms the basis of UNION, UNION ALL, and other

SELECT-based set operations.

See also

union()

union_all()

intersect()

intersect_all()

except()

except_all()

__eq__¶

inherited from the __eq__ attribute of object

Return self==value.

__le__¶

inherited from the __le__ attribute of object

Return self<=value.

__lt__¶

inherited from the __lt__ attribute of object

Return self<value.

__ne__¶

inherited from the __ne__ attribute of object

Return self!=value.

alias(name=None, flat=False)¶

inherited from the alias() method of FromClause

return an alias of this FromClause.

E.g.:

a2 = some_table.alias('a2')

The above code creates an Alias object which can be used as a FROM clause in any SELECT statement.

See also

Using Aliases and Subqueries

alias()

append_group_by(*clauses)¶

inherited from the append_group_by() method of GenerativeSelect

Append the given GROUP BY criterion applied to this selectable.

The criterion will be appended to any pre-existing GROUP BY criterion.

This is an in-place mutation method; the group_by() method is preferred, as it provides standard method chaining.

See also

GenerativeSelect.group_by()

append_order_by(*clauses)¶

inherited from the append_order_by() method of GenerativeSelect

Append the given ORDER BY criterion applied to this selectable.

The criterion will be appended to any pre-existing ORDER BY criterion.

This is an in-place mutation method; the order_by() method is preferred, as it provides standard method chaining.

See also

GenerativeSelect.order_by()

apply_labels()¶

inherited from the apply_labels() method of GenerativeSelect

return a new selectable with the ‘use_labels’ flag set to True.

This will result in column expressions being generated using labels against their table name, such as “SELECT somecolumn AS tablename_somecolumn”. This allows selectables which contain multiple FROM clauses to produce a unique set of column names regardless of name conflicts among the individual FROM clauses.

as_scalar()¶

inherited from the as_scalar() method of SelectBase

return a ‘scalar’ representation of this selectable, which can be used as a column expression.

Typically, a select statement which has only one column in its columns clause is eligible to be used as a scalar expression.

The returned object is an instance of ScalarSelect.

autocommit()¶

inherited from the autocommit() method of SelectBase

return a new selectable with the ‘autocommit’ flag set to True.

Deprecated since version 0.6: The SelectBase.autocommit() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the the Connection.execution_options.autocommit parameter in conjunction with the Executable.execution_options() method.

bind¶

Returns the Engine or Connection to which this Executable is bound, or None if none found.

This is a traversal which checks locally, then checks among the “from” clauses of associated objects until a bound engine or connection is found.

c¶

inherited from the c attribute of FromClause

An alias for the columns attribute.

columns¶

inherited from the columns attribute of FromClause

A named-based collection of ColumnElement objects maintained by this FromClause.

The columns, or c collection, is the gateway to the construction of SQL expressions using table-bound or other selectable-bound columns:

select([mytable]).where(mytable.c.somecolumn == 5)

compare(other, **kw)¶

inherited from the compare() method of ClauseElement

Compare this ClauseElement to the given ClauseElement.

Subclasses should override the default behavior, which is a straight identity comparison.

**kw are arguments consumed by subclass compare() methods and may be used to modify the criteria for comparison. (see ColumnElement)

compile(default, bind=None, dialect=None, **kw)¶

inherited from the compile() method of ClauseElement

Compile this SQL expression.

The return value is a Compiled object. Calling str() or unicode() on the returned value will yield a string representation of the result. The Compiled object also can return a dictionary of bind parameter names and values using the params accessor.

Parameters:

bind¶ – An Engine or Connection from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. column_keys¶ – Used for INSERT and UPDATE statements, a list of column names which should be present in the VALUES clause of the compiled statement. If None, all columns from the target table object are rendered. dialect¶ – A Dialect instance from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over the bind argument as well as this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. inline¶ – Used for INSERT statements, for a dialect which does not support inline retrieval of newly generated primary key columns, will force the expression used to create the new primary key value to be rendered inline within the INSERT statement’s VALUES clause. This typically refers to Sequence execution but may also refer to any server-side default generation function associated with a primary key Column. compile_kwargs¶ – optional dictionary of additional parameters that will be passed through to the compiler within all “visit” methods. This allows any custom flag to be passed through to a custom compilation construct, for example. It is also used for the case of passing the literal_binds flag through: from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, select t = table('t', column('x')) s = select([t]).where(t.c.x == 5) print s.compile(compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}) New in version 0.9.0.

See also

How do I render SQL expressions as strings, possibly with bound parameters inlined?

correspond_on_equivalents(column, equivalents)¶

inherited from the correspond_on_equivalents() method of FromClause

Return corresponding_column for the given column, or if None search for a match in the given dictionary.

corresponding_column(column, require_embedded=False)¶

inherited from the corresponding_column() method of FromClause

Given a ColumnElement, return the exported ColumnElement object from this Selectable which corresponds to that original Column via a common ancestor column.

Parameters:	column¶ – the target ColumnElement to be matched require_embedded¶ – only return corresponding columns for the given ColumnElement, if the given ColumnElement is actually present within a sub-element of this FromClause. Normally the column will match if it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported columns of this FromClause.

count(functions, whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the count() method of FromClause

return a SELECT COUNT generated against this FromClause.

Deprecated since version 1.1: The FromClause.count() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the functions.count function available from the func namespace.

See also

functions.count

cte(name=None, recursive=False)¶

inherited from the cte() method of HasCTE

Return a new CTE, or Common Table Expression instance.

Common table expressions are a SQL standard whereby SELECT statements can draw upon secondary statements specified along with the primary statement, using a clause called “WITH”. Special semantics regarding UNION can also be employed to allow “recursive” queries, where a SELECT statement can draw upon the set of rows that have previously been selected.

CTEs can also be applied to DML constructs UPDATE, INSERT and DELETE on some databases, both as a source of CTE rows when combined with RETURNING, as well as a consumer of CTE rows.

SQLAlchemy detects CTE objects, which are treated similarly to Alias objects, as special elements to be delivered to the FROM clause of the statement as well as to a WITH clause at the top of the statement.

Changed in version 1.1: Added support for UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE as CTE, CTEs added to UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE.

Parameters:	name¶ – name given to the common table expression. Like _FromClause.alias(), the name can be left as None in which case an anonymous symbol will be used at query compile time. recursive¶ – if True, will render WITH RECURSIVE. A recursive common table expression is intended to be used in conjunction with UNION ALL in order to derive rows from those already selected.

The following examples include two from PostgreSQL’s documentation at http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/queries-with.html, as well as additional examples.

Example 1, non recursive:

from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
                        MetaData, select, func)

metadata = MetaData()

orders = Table('orders', metadata,
    Column('region', String),
    Column('amount', Integer),
    Column('product', String),
    Column('quantity', Integer)
)

regional_sales = select([
                    orders.c.region,
                    func.sum(orders.c.amount).label('total_sales')
                ]).group_by(orders.c.region).cte("regional_sales")


top_regions = select([regional_sales.c.region]).\
        where(
            regional_sales.c.total_sales >
            select([
                func.sum(regional_sales.c.total_sales)/10
            ])
        ).cte("top_regions")

statement = select([
            orders.c.region,
            orders.c.product,
            func.sum(orders.c.quantity).label("product_units"),
            func.sum(orders.c.amount).label("product_sales")
    ]).where(orders.c.region.in_(
        select([top_regions.c.region])
    )).group_by(orders.c.region, orders.c.product)

result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()

Example 2, WITH RECURSIVE:

from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
                        MetaData, select, func)

metadata = MetaData()

parts = Table('parts', metadata,
    Column('part', String),
    Column('sub_part', String),
    Column('quantity', Integer),
)

included_parts = select([
                    parts.c.sub_part,
                    parts.c.part,
                    parts.c.quantity]).\
                    where(parts.c.part=='our part').\
                    cte(recursive=True)


incl_alias = included_parts.alias()
parts_alias = parts.alias()
included_parts = included_parts.union_all(
    select([
        parts_alias.c.sub_part,
        parts_alias.c.part,
        parts_alias.c.quantity
    ]).
        where(parts_alias.c.part==incl_alias.c.sub_part)
)

statement = select([
            included_parts.c.sub_part,
            func.sum(included_parts.c.quantity).
              label('total_quantity')
        ]).\
        group_by(included_parts.c.sub_part)

result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()

Example 3, an upsert using UPDATE and INSERT with CTEs:

from datetime import date
from sqlalchemy import (MetaData, Table, Column, Integer,
                        Date, select, literal, and_, exists)

metadata = MetaData()

visitors = Table('visitors', metadata,
    Column('product_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column('date', Date, primary_key=True),
    Column('count', Integer),
)

# add 5 visitors for the product_id == 1
product_id = 1
day = date.today()
count = 5

update_cte = (
    visitors.update()
    .where(and_(visitors.c.product_id == product_id,
                visitors.c.date == day))
    .values(count=visitors.c.count + count)
    .returning(literal(1))
    .cte('update_cte')
)

upsert = visitors.insert().from_select(
    [visitors.c.product_id, visitors.c.date, visitors.c.count],
    select([literal(product_id), literal(day), literal(count)])
        .where(~exists(update_cte.select()))
)

connection.execute(upsert)

See also

orm.query.Query.cte() - ORM version of HasCTE.cte().

description¶

inherited from the description attribute of FromClause

a brief description of this FromClause.

Used primarily for error message formatting.

execute(*multiparams, **params)¶

inherited from the execute() method of Executable

Compile and execute this Executable.

execution_options(**kw)¶

inherited from the execution_options() method of Executable

Set non-SQL options for the statement which take effect during execution.

Execution options can be set on a per-statement or per Connection basis. Additionally, the Engine and ORM Query objects provide access to execution options which they in turn configure upon connections.

The execution_options() method is generative. A new instance of this statement is returned that contains the options:

statement = select([table.c.x, table.c.y])
statement = statement.execution_options(autocommit=True)

Note that only a subset of possible execution options can be applied to a statement - these include “autocommit” and “stream_results”, but not “isolation_level” or “compiled_cache”. See Connection.execution_options() for a full list of possible options.

See also

Connection.execution_options()

Query.execution_options()

Executable.get_execution_options()

for_update¶

inherited from the for_update attribute of GenerativeSelect

Provide legacy dialect support for the for_update attribute.

foreign_keys¶

inherited from the foreign_keys attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of ForeignKey objects which this FromClause references.

get_children(column_collections=True, **kwargs)¶

Return immediate child elements of this ClauseElement.

This is used for visit traversal.

**kwargs may contain flags that change the collection that is returned, for example to return a subset of items in order to cut down on larger traversals, or to return child items from a different context (such as schema-level collections instead of clause-level).

get_execution_options()¶

inherited from the get_execution_options() method of Executable

Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.

New in version 1.3.

See also

Executable.execution_options()

group_by(*clauses)¶

inherited from the group_by() method of GenerativeSelect

return a new selectable with the given list of GROUP BY criterion applied.

e.g.:

stmt = select([table.c.name, func.max(table.c.stat)]).\
group_by(table.c.name)

Parameters:	*group_by¶ – a series of ColumnElement constructs which will be used to generate an GROUP BY clause.

See also

Ordering, Grouping, Limiting, Offset…ing…

is_derived_from(fromclause)¶

Return True if this FromClause is ‘derived’ from the given FromClause.

An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.

join(right, onclause=None, isouter=False, full=False)¶

inherited from the join() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import join

j = user_table.join(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)

would emit SQL along the lines of:

SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. isouter¶ – if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. Implies FromClause.join.isouter. New in version 1.1.

See also

join() - standalone function

Join - the type of object produced

label(name)¶

inherited from the label() method of SelectBase

return a ‘scalar’ representation of this selectable, embedded as a subquery with a label.

See also

as_scalar().

lateral(name=None)¶

inherited from the lateral() method of FromClause

Return a LATERAL alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the Lateral construct also provided by the top-level lateral() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

LATERAL correlation - overview of usage.

limit(limit)¶

inherited from the limit() method of GenerativeSelect

return a new selectable with the given LIMIT criterion applied.

This is a numerical value which usually renders as a LIMIT expression in the resulting select. Backends that don’t support LIMIT will attempt to provide similar functionality.

Changed in version 1.0.0: - Select.limit() can now accept arbitrary SQL expressions as well as integer values.

Parameters:	limit¶ – an integer LIMIT parameter, or a SQL expression that provides an integer result.

offset(offset)¶

inherited from the offset() method of GenerativeSelect

return a new selectable with the given OFFSET criterion applied.

This is a numeric value which usually renders as an OFFSET expression in the resulting select. Backends that don’t support OFFSET will attempt to provide similar functionality.

Changed in version 1.0.0: - Select.offset() can now accept arbitrary SQL expressions as well as integer values.

Parameters:	offset¶ – an integer OFFSET parameter, or a SQL expression that provides an integer result.

order_by(*clauses)¶

inherited from the order_by() method of GenerativeSelect

return a new selectable with the given list of ORDER BY criterion applied.

e.g.:

stmt = select([table]).order_by(table.c.id, table.c.name)

Parameters:	*order_by¶ – a series of ColumnElement constructs which will be used to generate an ORDER BY clause.

See also

Ordering, Grouping, Limiting, Offset…ing…

outerjoin(right, onclause=None, full=False)¶

inherited from the outerjoin() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause, with the “isouter” flag set to True.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import outerjoin

j = user_table.outerjoin(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)

The above is equivalent to:

j = user_table.join(
    address_table,
    user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id,
    isouter=True)

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. New in version 1.1.

See also

FromClause.join()

Join

params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Returns a copy of this ClauseElement with bindparam() elements replaced with values taken from the given dictionary:

>>> clause = column('x') + bindparam('foo')
>>> print clause.compile().params
{'foo':None}
>>> print clause.params({'foo':7}).compile().params
{'foo':7}

primary_key¶

inherited from the primary_key attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of Column objects which comprise the primary key of this FromClause.

replace_selectable(sqlutil, old, alias)¶

inherited from the replace_selectable() method of FromClause

replace all occurrences of FromClause ‘old’ with the given Alias object, returning a copy of this FromClause.

scalar(*multiparams, **params)¶

inherited from the scalar() method of Executable

Compile and execute this Executable, returning the result’s scalar representation.

select(whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the select() method of FromClause

return a SELECT of this FromClause.

See also

select() - general purpose method which allows for arbitrary column lists.

self_group(against=None)¶

Apply a ‘grouping’ to this ClauseElement.

This method is overridden by subclasses to return a “grouping” construct, i.e. parenthesis. In particular it’s used by “binary” expressions to provide a grouping around themselves when placed into a larger expression, as well as by select() constructs when placed into the FROM clause of another select(). (Note that subqueries should be normally created using the Select.alias() method, as many platforms require nested SELECT statements to be named).

As expressions are composed together, the application of self_group() is automatic - end-user code should never need to use this method directly. Note that SQLAlchemy’s clause constructs take operator precedence into account - so parenthesis might not be needed, for example, in an expression like x OR (y AND z) - AND takes precedence over OR.

The base self_group() method of ClauseElement just returns self.

tablesample(sampling, name=None, seed=None)¶

inherited from the tablesample() method of FromClause

Return a TABLESAMPLE alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the TableSample construct also provided by the top-level tablesample() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

tablesample() - usage guidelines and parameters

unique_params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the unique_params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Same functionality as params(), except adds unique=True to affected bind parameters so that multiple statements can be used.

with_for_update(nowait=False, read=False, of=None, skip_locked=False, key_share=False)¶

inherited from the with_for_update() method of GenerativeSelect

Specify a FOR UPDATE clause for this GenerativeSelect.

E.g.:

stmt = select([table]).with_for_update(nowait=True)

On a database like PostgreSQL or Oracle, the above would render a statement like:

SELECT table.a, table.b FROM table FOR UPDATE NOWAIT

on other backends, the nowait option is ignored and instead would produce:

SELECT table.a, table.b FROM table FOR UPDATE

When called with no arguments, the statement will render with the suffix FOR UPDATE. Additional arguments can then be provided which allow for common database-specific variants.

Parameters:

nowait¶ – boolean; will render FOR UPDATE NOWAIT on Oracle and PostgreSQL dialects. read¶ – boolean; will render LOCK IN SHARE MODE on MySQL, FOR SHARE on PostgreSQL. On PostgreSQL, when combined with nowait, will render FOR SHARE NOWAIT. of¶ – SQL expression or list of SQL expression elements (typically Column objects or a compatible expression) which will render into a FOR UPDATE OF clause; supported by PostgreSQL and Oracle. May render as a table or as a column depending on backend. skip_locked¶ – boolean, will render FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED on Oracle and PostgreSQL dialects or FOR SHARE SKIP LOCKED if read=True is also specified. New in version 1.1.0. key_share¶ – boolean, will render FOR NO KEY UPDATE, or if combined with read=True will render FOR KEY SHARE, on the PostgreSQL dialect. New in version 1.1.0.

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.CTE(*arg, **kw)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Generative, sqlalchemy.sql.expression.HasSuffixes, sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Alias

Represent a Common Table Expression.

The CTE object is obtained using the SelectBase.cte() method from any selectable. See that method for complete examples.

__eq__¶

inherited from the __eq__ attribute of object

Return self==value.

__le__¶

inherited from the __le__ attribute of object

Return self<=value.

__lt__¶

inherited from the __lt__ attribute of object

Return self<value.

__ne__¶

inherited from the __ne__ attribute of object

Return self!=value.

alias(name=None, flat=False)¶

Return an Alias of this CTE.

This method is a CTE-specific specialization of the FromClause.alias method.

See also

Using Aliases and Subqueries

alias()

c¶

inherited from the c attribute of FromClause

An alias for the columns attribute.

columns¶

inherited from the columns attribute of FromClause

A named-based collection of ColumnElement objects maintained by this FromClause.

The columns, or c collection, is the gateway to the construction of SQL expressions using table-bound or other selectable-bound columns:

select([mytable]).where(mytable.c.somecolumn == 5)

compare(other, **kw)¶

inherited from the compare() method of ClauseElement

Compare this ClauseElement to the given ClauseElement.

Subclasses should override the default behavior, which is a straight identity comparison.

**kw are arguments consumed by subclass compare() methods and may be used to modify the criteria for comparison. (see ColumnElement)

compile(default, bind=None, dialect=None, **kw)¶

inherited from the compile() method of ClauseElement

Compile this SQL expression.

The return value is a Compiled object. Calling str() or unicode() on the returned value will yield a string representation of the result. The Compiled object also can return a dictionary of bind parameter names and values using the params accessor.

Parameters:

bind¶ – An Engine or Connection from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. column_keys¶ – Used for INSERT and UPDATE statements, a list of column names which should be present in the VALUES clause of the compiled statement. If None, all columns from the target table object are rendered. dialect¶ – A Dialect instance from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over the bind argument as well as this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. inline¶ – Used for INSERT statements, for a dialect which does not support inline retrieval of newly generated primary key columns, will force the expression used to create the new primary key value to be rendered inline within the INSERT statement’s VALUES clause. This typically refers to Sequence execution but may also refer to any server-side default generation function associated with a primary key Column. compile_kwargs¶ – optional dictionary of additional parameters that will be passed through to the compiler within all “visit” methods. This allows any custom flag to be passed through to a custom compilation construct, for example. It is also used for the case of passing the literal_binds flag through: from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, select t = table('t', column('x')) s = select([t]).where(t.c.x == 5) print s.compile(compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}) New in version 0.9.0.

See also

How do I render SQL expressions as strings, possibly with bound parameters inlined?

correspond_on_equivalents(column, equivalents)¶

inherited from the correspond_on_equivalents() method of FromClause

Return corresponding_column for the given column, or if None search for a match in the given dictionary.

corresponding_column(column, require_embedded=False)¶

inherited from the corresponding_column() method of FromClause

Given a ColumnElement, return the exported ColumnElement object from this Selectable which corresponds to that original Column via a common ancestor column.

Parameters:	column¶ – the target ColumnElement to be matched require_embedded¶ – only return corresponding columns for the given ColumnElement, if the given ColumnElement is actually present within a sub-element of this FromClause. Normally the column will match if it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported columns of this FromClause.

count(functions, whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the count() method of FromClause

return a SELECT COUNT generated against this FromClause.

Deprecated since version 1.1: The FromClause.count() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the functions.count function available from the func namespace.

See also

functions.count

description¶

inherited from the description attribute of Alias

a brief description of this FromClause.

Used primarily for error message formatting.

foreign_keys¶

inherited from the foreign_keys attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of ForeignKey objects which this FromClause references.

get_children(column_collections=True, **kw)¶

inherited from the get_children() method of Alias

Return immediate child elements of this ClauseElement.

This is used for visit traversal.

**kwargs may contain flags that change the collection that is returned, for example to return a subset of items in order to cut down on larger traversals, or to return child items from a different context (such as schema-level collections instead of clause-level).

is_derived_from(fromclause)¶

inherited from the is_derived_from() method of Alias

Return True if this FromClause is ‘derived’ from the given FromClause.

An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.

join(right, onclause=None, isouter=False, full=False)¶

inherited from the join() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import join

j = user_table.join(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)

would emit SQL along the lines of:

SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. isouter¶ – if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. Implies FromClause.join.isouter. New in version 1.1.

See also

join() - standalone function

Join - the type of object produced

lateral(name=None)¶

inherited from the lateral() method of FromClause

Return a LATERAL alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the Lateral construct also provided by the top-level lateral() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

LATERAL correlation - overview of usage.

outerjoin(right, onclause=None, full=False)¶

inherited from the outerjoin() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause, with the “isouter” flag set to True.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import outerjoin

j = user_table.outerjoin(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)

The above is equivalent to:

j = user_table.join(
    address_table,
    user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id,
    isouter=True)

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. New in version 1.1.

See also

FromClause.join()

Join

params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Returns a copy of this ClauseElement with bindparam() elements replaced with values taken from the given dictionary:

>>> clause = column('x') + bindparam('foo')
>>> print clause.compile().params
{'foo':None}
>>> print clause.params({'foo':7}).compile().params
{'foo':7}

primary_key¶

inherited from the primary_key attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of Column objects which comprise the primary key of this FromClause.

replace_selectable(sqlutil, old, alias)¶

inherited from the replace_selectable() method of FromClause

replace all occurrences of FromClause ‘old’ with the given Alias object, returning a copy of this FromClause.

select(whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the select() method of FromClause

return a SELECT of this FromClause.

See also

select() - general purpose method which allows for arbitrary column lists.

self_group(against=None)¶

inherited from the self_group() method of Alias

Apply a ‘grouping’ to this ClauseElement.

This method is overridden by subclasses to return a “grouping” construct, i.e. parenthesis. In particular it’s used by “binary” expressions to provide a grouping around themselves when placed into a larger expression, as well as by select() constructs when placed into the FROM clause of another select(). (Note that subqueries should be normally created using the Select.alias() method, as many platforms require nested SELECT statements to be named).

As expressions are composed together, the application of self_group() is automatic - end-user code should never need to use this method directly. Note that SQLAlchemy’s clause constructs take operator precedence into account - so parenthesis might not be needed, for example, in an expression like x OR (y AND z) - AND takes precedence over OR.

The base self_group() method of ClauseElement just returns self.

suffix_with(*expr, **kw)¶

inherited from the suffix_with() method of HasSuffixes

Add one or more expressions following the statement as a whole.

This is used to support backend-specific suffix keywords on certain constructs.

E.g.:

stmt = select([col1, col2]).cte().suffix_with(
    "cycle empno set y_cycle to 1 default 0", dialect="oracle")

Multiple suffixes can be specified by multiple calls to suffix_with().

Parameters:

*expr¶ – textual or ClauseElement construct which will be rendered following the target clause. Warning The HasSuffixes.suffix_with.*expr argument to HasSuffixes.suffix_with() can be passed as a Python string argument, which will be treated as trusted SQL text and rendered as given. DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS PARAMETER. **kw¶ – A single keyword ‘dialect’ is accepted. This is an optional string dialect name which will limit rendering of this suffix to only that dialect.

tablesample(sampling, name=None, seed=None)¶

inherited from the tablesample() method of FromClause

Return a TABLESAMPLE alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the TableSample construct also provided by the top-level tablesample() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

tablesample() - usage guidelines and parameters

unique_params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the unique_params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Same functionality as params(), except adds unique=True to affected bind parameters so that multiple statements can be used.

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Executable¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Generative

Mark a ClauseElement as supporting execution.

Executable is a superclass for all “statement” types of objects, including select(), delete(), update(), insert(), text().

bind¶

Returns the Engine or Connection to which this Executable is bound, or None if none found.

This is a traversal which checks locally, then checks among the “from” clauses of associated objects until a bound engine or connection is found.

execute(*multiparams, **params)¶

Compile and execute this Executable.

execution_options(**kw)¶

Set non-SQL options for the statement which take effect during execution.

Execution options can be set on a per-statement or per Connection basis. Additionally, the Engine and ORM Query objects provide access to execution options which they in turn configure upon connections.

The execution_options() method is generative. A new instance of this statement is returned that contains the options:

statement = select([table.c.x, table.c.y])
statement = statement.execution_options(autocommit=True)

Note that only a subset of possible execution options can be applied to a statement - these include “autocommit” and “stream_results”, but not “isolation_level” or “compiled_cache”. See Connection.execution_options() for a full list of possible options.

See also

Connection.execution_options()

Query.execution_options()

Executable.get_execution_options()

get_execution_options()¶

Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.

New in version 1.3.

See also

Executable.execution_options()

scalar(*multiparams, **params)¶

Compile and execute this Executable, returning the result’s scalar representation.

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.FromClause¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Selectable

Represent an element that can be used within the FROM clause of a SELECT statement.

The most common forms of FromClause are the Table and the select() constructs. Key features common to all FromClause objects include:

• a c collection, which provides per-name access to a collection of ColumnElement objects.
• a primary_key attribute, which is a collection of all those ColumnElement objects that indicate the primary_key flag.
• Methods to generate various derivations of a “from” clause, including FromClause.alias(), FromClause.join(), FromClause.select().

alias(name=None, flat=False)¶

return an alias of this FromClause.

E.g.:

a2 = some_table.alias('a2')

The above code creates an Alias object which can be used as a FROM clause in any SELECT statement.

See also

Using Aliases and Subqueries

alias()

c¶

An alias for the columns attribute.

columns¶

A named-based collection of ColumnElement objects maintained by this FromClause.

The columns, or c collection, is the gateway to the construction of SQL expressions using table-bound or other selectable-bound columns:

select([mytable]).where(mytable.c.somecolumn == 5)

correspond_on_equivalents(column, equivalents)¶

Return corresponding_column for the given column, or if None search for a match in the given dictionary.

corresponding_column(column, require_embedded=False)¶

Given a ColumnElement, return the exported ColumnElement object from this Selectable which corresponds to that original Column via a common ancestor column.

Parameters:	column¶ – the target ColumnElement to be matched require_embedded¶ – only return corresponding columns for the given ColumnElement, if the given ColumnElement is actually present within a sub-element of this FromClause. Normally the column will match if it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported columns of this FromClause.

count(functions, whereclause=None, **params)¶

return a SELECT COUNT generated against this FromClause.

Deprecated since version 1.1: The FromClause.count() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the functions.count function available from the func namespace.

See also

functions.count

description¶

a brief description of this FromClause.

Used primarily for error message formatting.

foreign_keys¶

Return the collection of ForeignKey objects which this FromClause references.

is_derived_from(fromclause)¶

Return True if this FromClause is ‘derived’ from the given FromClause.

An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.

join(right, onclause=None, isouter=False, full=False)¶

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import join

j = user_table.join(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)

would emit SQL along the lines of:

SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. isouter¶ – if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. Implies FromClause.join.isouter. New in version 1.1.

See also

join() - standalone function

Join - the type of object produced

lateral(name=None)¶

Return a LATERAL alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the Lateral construct also provided by the top-level lateral() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

LATERAL correlation - overview of usage.

outerjoin(right, onclause=None, full=False)¶

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause, with the “isouter” flag set to True.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import outerjoin

j = user_table.outerjoin(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)

The above is equivalent to:

j = user_table.join(
    address_table,
    user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id,
    isouter=True)

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. New in version 1.1.

See also

FromClause.join()

Join

primary_key¶

Return the collection of Column objects which comprise the primary key of this FromClause.

replace_selectable(sqlutil, old, alias)¶

replace all occurrences of FromClause ‘old’ with the given Alias object, returning a copy of this FromClause.

schema = None¶

Define the ‘schema’ attribute for this FromClause.

This is typically None for most objects except that of Table, where it is taken as the value of the Table.schema argument.

select(whereclause=None, **params)¶

return a SELECT of this FromClause.

See also

select() - general purpose method which allows for arbitrary column lists.

tablesample(sampling, name=None, seed=None)¶

Return a TABLESAMPLE alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the TableSample construct also provided by the top-level tablesample() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

tablesample() - usage guidelines and parameters

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.GenerativeSelect(use_labels=False, for_update=False, limit=None, offset=None, order_by=None, group_by=None, bind=None, autocommit=None)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.expression.SelectBase

Base class for SELECT statements where additional elements can be added.

This serves as the base for Select and CompoundSelect where elements such as ORDER BY, GROUP BY can be added and column rendering can be controlled. Compare to TextAsFrom, which, while it subclasses SelectBase and is also a SELECT construct, represents a fixed textual string which cannot be altered at this level, only wrapped as a subquery.

New in version 0.9.0: GenerativeSelect was added to provide functionality specific to Select and CompoundSelect while allowing SelectBase to be used for other SELECT-like objects, e.g. TextAsFrom.

__eq__¶

inherited from the __eq__ attribute of object

Return self==value.

__le__¶

inherited from the __le__ attribute of object

Return self<=value.

__lt__¶

inherited from the __lt__ attribute of object

Return self<value.

__ne__¶

inherited from the __ne__ attribute of object

Return self!=value.

alias(name=None, flat=False)¶

inherited from the alias() method of FromClause

return an alias of this FromClause.

E.g.:

a2 = some_table.alias('a2')

The above code creates an Alias object which can be used as a FROM clause in any SELECT statement.

See also

Using Aliases and Subqueries

alias()

append_group_by(*clauses)¶

Append the given GROUP BY criterion applied to this selectable.

The criterion will be appended to any pre-existing GROUP BY criterion.

This is an in-place mutation method; the group_by() method is preferred, as it provides standard method chaining.

See also

GenerativeSelect.group_by()

append_order_by(*clauses)¶

Append the given ORDER BY criterion applied to this selectable.

The criterion will be appended to any pre-existing ORDER BY criterion.

This is an in-place mutation method; the order_by() method is preferred, as it provides standard method chaining.

See also

GenerativeSelect.order_by()

apply_labels()¶

return a new selectable with the ‘use_labels’ flag set to True.

This will result in column expressions being generated using labels against their table name, such as “SELECT somecolumn AS tablename_somecolumn”. This allows selectables which contain multiple FROM clauses to produce a unique set of column names regardless of name conflicts among the individual FROM clauses.

as_scalar()¶

inherited from the as_scalar() method of SelectBase

return a ‘scalar’ representation of this selectable, which can be used as a column expression.

Typically, a select statement which has only one column in its columns clause is eligible to be used as a scalar expression.

The returned object is an instance of ScalarSelect.

autocommit()¶

inherited from the autocommit() method of SelectBase

return a new selectable with the ‘autocommit’ flag set to True.

Deprecated since version 0.6: The SelectBase.autocommit() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the the Connection.execution_options.autocommit parameter in conjunction with the Executable.execution_options() method.

bind¶

inherited from the bind attribute of Executable

Returns the Engine or Connection to which this Executable is bound, or None if none found.

This is a traversal which checks locally, then checks among the “from” clauses of associated objects until a bound engine or connection is found.

c¶

inherited from the c attribute of FromClause

An alias for the columns attribute.

columns¶

inherited from the columns attribute of FromClause

A named-based collection of ColumnElement objects maintained by this FromClause.

The columns, or c collection, is the gateway to the construction of SQL expressions using table-bound or other selectable-bound columns:

select([mytable]).where(mytable.c.somecolumn == 5)

compare(other, **kw)¶

inherited from the compare() method of ClauseElement

Compare this ClauseElement to the given ClauseElement.

Subclasses should override the default behavior, which is a straight identity comparison.

**kw are arguments consumed by subclass compare() methods and may be used to modify the criteria for comparison. (see ColumnElement)

compile(default, bind=None, dialect=None, **kw)¶

inherited from the compile() method of ClauseElement

Compile this SQL expression.

The return value is a Compiled object. Calling str() or unicode() on the returned value will yield a string representation of the result. The Compiled object also can return a dictionary of bind parameter names and values using the params accessor.

Parameters:

bind¶ – An Engine or Connection from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. column_keys¶ – Used for INSERT and UPDATE statements, a list of column names which should be present in the VALUES clause of the compiled statement. If None, all columns from the target table object are rendered. dialect¶ – A Dialect instance from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over the bind argument as well as this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. inline¶ – Used for INSERT statements, for a dialect which does not support inline retrieval of newly generated primary key columns, will force the expression used to create the new primary key value to be rendered inline within the INSERT statement’s VALUES clause. This typically refers to Sequence execution but may also refer to any server-side default generation function associated with a primary key Column. compile_kwargs¶ – optional dictionary of additional parameters that will be passed through to the compiler within all “visit” methods. This allows any custom flag to be passed through to a custom compilation construct, for example. It is also used for the case of passing the literal_binds flag through: from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, select t = table('t', column('x')) s = select([t]).where(t.c.x == 5) print s.compile(compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}) New in version 0.9.0.

See also

How do I render SQL expressions as strings, possibly with bound parameters inlined?

correspond_on_equivalents(column, equivalents)¶

inherited from the correspond_on_equivalents() method of FromClause

Return corresponding_column for the given column, or if None search for a match in the given dictionary.

corresponding_column(column, require_embedded=False)¶

inherited from the corresponding_column() method of FromClause

Given a ColumnElement, return the exported ColumnElement object from this Selectable which corresponds to that original Column via a common ancestor column.

Parameters:	column¶ – the target ColumnElement to be matched require_embedded¶ – only return corresponding columns for the given ColumnElement, if the given ColumnElement is actually present within a sub-element of this FromClause. Normally the column will match if it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported columns of this FromClause.

count(functions, whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the count() method of FromClause

return a SELECT COUNT generated against this FromClause.

Deprecated since version 1.1: The FromClause.count() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the functions.count function available from the func namespace.

See also

functions.count

cte(name=None, recursive=False)¶

inherited from the cte() method of HasCTE

Return a new CTE, or Common Table Expression instance.

Common table expressions are a SQL standard whereby SELECT statements can draw upon secondary statements specified along with the primary statement, using a clause called “WITH”. Special semantics regarding UNION can also be employed to allow “recursive” queries, where a SELECT statement can draw upon the set of rows that have previously been selected.

CTEs can also be applied to DML constructs UPDATE, INSERT and DELETE on some databases, both as a source of CTE rows when combined with RETURNING, as well as a consumer of CTE rows.

SQLAlchemy detects CTE objects, which are treated similarly to Alias objects, as special elements to be delivered to the FROM clause of the statement as well as to a WITH clause at the top of the statement.

Changed in version 1.1: Added support for UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE as CTE, CTEs added to UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE.

Parameters:	name¶ – name given to the common table expression. Like _FromClause.alias(), the name can be left as None in which case an anonymous symbol will be used at query compile time. recursive¶ – if True, will render WITH RECURSIVE. A recursive common table expression is intended to be used in conjunction with UNION ALL in order to derive rows from those already selected.

The following examples include two from PostgreSQL’s documentation at http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/queries-with.html, as well as additional examples.

Example 1, non recursive:

from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
                        MetaData, select, func)

metadata = MetaData()

orders = Table('orders', metadata,
    Column('region', String),
    Column('amount', Integer),
    Column('product', String),
    Column('quantity', Integer)
)

regional_sales = select([
                    orders.c.region,
                    func.sum(orders.c.amount).label('total_sales')
                ]).group_by(orders.c.region).cte("regional_sales")


top_regions = select([regional_sales.c.region]).\
        where(
            regional_sales.c.total_sales >
            select([
                func.sum(regional_sales.c.total_sales)/10
            ])
        ).cte("top_regions")

statement = select([
            orders.c.region,
            orders.c.product,
            func.sum(orders.c.quantity).label("product_units"),
            func.sum(orders.c.amount).label("product_sales")
    ]).where(orders.c.region.in_(
        select([top_regions.c.region])
    )).group_by(orders.c.region, orders.c.product)

result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()

Example 2, WITH RECURSIVE:

from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
                        MetaData, select, func)

metadata = MetaData()

parts = Table('parts', metadata,
    Column('part', String),
    Column('sub_part', String),
    Column('quantity', Integer),
)

included_parts = select([
                    parts.c.sub_part,
                    parts.c.part,
                    parts.c.quantity]).\
                    where(parts.c.part=='our part').\
                    cte(recursive=True)


incl_alias = included_parts.alias()
parts_alias = parts.alias()
included_parts = included_parts.union_all(
    select([
        parts_alias.c.sub_part,
        parts_alias.c.part,
        parts_alias.c.quantity
    ]).
        where(parts_alias.c.part==incl_alias.c.sub_part)
)

statement = select([
            included_parts.c.sub_part,
            func.sum(included_parts.c.quantity).
              label('total_quantity')
        ]).\
        group_by(included_parts.c.sub_part)

result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()

Example 3, an upsert using UPDATE and INSERT with CTEs:

from datetime import date
from sqlalchemy import (MetaData, Table, Column, Integer,
                        Date, select, literal, and_, exists)

metadata = MetaData()

visitors = Table('visitors', metadata,
    Column('product_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column('date', Date, primary_key=True),
    Column('count', Integer),
)

# add 5 visitors for the product_id == 1
product_id = 1
day = date.today()
count = 5

update_cte = (
    visitors.update()
    .where(and_(visitors.c.product_id == product_id,
                visitors.c.date == day))
    .values(count=visitors.c.count + count)
    .returning(literal(1))
    .cte('update_cte')
)

upsert = visitors.insert().from_select(
    [visitors.c.product_id, visitors.c.date, visitors.c.count],
    select([literal(product_id), literal(day), literal(count)])
        .where(~exists(update_cte.select()))
)

connection.execute(upsert)

See also

orm.query.Query.cte() - ORM version of HasCTE.cte().

description¶

inherited from the description attribute of FromClause

a brief description of this FromClause.

Used primarily for error message formatting.

execute(*multiparams, **params)¶

inherited from the execute() method of Executable

Compile and execute this Executable.

execution_options(**kw)¶

inherited from the execution_options() method of Executable

Set non-SQL options for the statement which take effect during execution.

Execution options can be set on a per-statement or per Connection basis. Additionally, the Engine and ORM Query objects provide access to execution options which they in turn configure upon connections.

The execution_options() method is generative. A new instance of this statement is returned that contains the options:

statement = select([table.c.x, table.c.y])
statement = statement.execution_options(autocommit=True)

Note that only a subset of possible execution options can be applied to a statement - these include “autocommit” and “stream_results”, but not “isolation_level” or “compiled_cache”. See Connection.execution_options() for a full list of possible options.

See also

Connection.execution_options()

Query.execution_options()

Executable.get_execution_options()

for_update¶

Provide legacy dialect support for the for_update attribute.

foreign_keys¶

inherited from the foreign_keys attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of ForeignKey objects which this FromClause references.

get_children(**kwargs)¶

inherited from the get_children() method of ClauseElement

Return immediate child elements of this ClauseElement.

This is used for visit traversal.

**kwargs may contain flags that change the collection that is returned, for example to return a subset of items in order to cut down on larger traversals, or to return child items from a different context (such as schema-level collections instead of clause-level).

get_execution_options()¶

inherited from the get_execution_options() method of Executable

Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.

New in version 1.3.

See also

Executable.execution_options()

group_by(*clauses)¶

return a new selectable with the given list of GROUP BY criterion applied.

e.g.:

stmt = select([table.c.name, func.max(table.c.stat)]).\
group_by(table.c.name)

Parameters:	*group_by¶ – a series of ColumnElement constructs which will be used to generate an GROUP BY clause.

See also

Ordering, Grouping, Limiting, Offset…ing…

is_derived_from(fromclause)¶

inherited from the is_derived_from() method of FromClause

Return True if this FromClause is ‘derived’ from the given FromClause.

An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.

join(right, onclause=None, isouter=False, full=False)¶

inherited from the join() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import join

j = user_table.join(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)

would emit SQL along the lines of:

SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. isouter¶ – if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. Implies FromClause.join.isouter. New in version 1.1.

See also

join() - standalone function

Join - the type of object produced

label(name)¶

inherited from the label() method of SelectBase

return a ‘scalar’ representation of this selectable, embedded as a subquery with a label.

See also

as_scalar().

lateral(name=None)¶

inherited from the lateral() method of FromClause

Return a LATERAL alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the Lateral construct also provided by the top-level lateral() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

LATERAL correlation - overview of usage.

limit(limit)¶

return a new selectable with the given LIMIT criterion applied.

This is a numerical value which usually renders as a LIMIT expression in the resulting select. Backends that don’t support LIMIT will attempt to provide similar functionality.

Changed in version 1.0.0: - Select.limit() can now accept arbitrary SQL expressions as well as integer values.

Parameters:	limit¶ – an integer LIMIT parameter, or a SQL expression that provides an integer result.

offset(offset)¶

return a new selectable with the given OFFSET criterion applied.

This is a numeric value which usually renders as an OFFSET expression in the resulting select. Backends that don’t support OFFSET will attempt to provide similar functionality.

Changed in version 1.0.0: - Select.offset() can now accept arbitrary SQL expressions as well as integer values.

Parameters:	offset¶ – an integer OFFSET parameter, or a SQL expression that provides an integer result.

order_by(*clauses)¶

return a new selectable with the given list of ORDER BY criterion applied.

e.g.:

stmt = select([table]).order_by(table.c.id, table.c.name)

Parameters:	*order_by¶ – a series of ColumnElement constructs which will be used to generate an ORDER BY clause.

See also

Ordering, Grouping, Limiting, Offset…ing…

outerjoin(right, onclause=None, full=False)¶

inherited from the outerjoin() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause, with the “isouter” flag set to True.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import outerjoin

j = user_table.outerjoin(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)

The above is equivalent to:

j = user_table.join(
    address_table,
    user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id,
    isouter=True)

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. New in version 1.1.

See also

FromClause.join()

Join

params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Returns a copy of this ClauseElement with bindparam() elements replaced with values taken from the given dictionary:

>>> clause = column('x') + bindparam('foo')
>>> print clause.compile().params
{'foo':None}
>>> print clause.params({'foo':7}).compile().params
{'foo':7}

primary_key¶

inherited from the primary_key attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of Column objects which comprise the primary key of this FromClause.

replace_selectable(sqlutil, old, alias)¶

inherited from the replace_selectable() method of FromClause

replace all occurrences of FromClause ‘old’ with the given Alias object, returning a copy of this FromClause.

scalar(*multiparams, **params)¶

inherited from the scalar() method of Executable

Compile and execute this Executable, returning the result’s scalar representation.

select(whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the select() method of FromClause

return a SELECT of this FromClause.

See also

select() - general purpose method which allows for arbitrary column lists.

self_group(against=None)¶

inherited from the self_group() method of ClauseElement

Apply a ‘grouping’ to this ClauseElement.

This method is overridden by subclasses to return a “grouping” construct, i.e. parenthesis. In particular it’s used by “binary” expressions to provide a grouping around themselves when placed into a larger expression, as well as by select() constructs when placed into the FROM clause of another select(). (Note that subqueries should be normally created using the Select.alias() method, as many platforms require nested SELECT statements to be named).

As expressions are composed together, the application of self_group() is automatic - end-user code should never need to use this method directly. Note that SQLAlchemy’s clause constructs take operator precedence into account - so parenthesis might not be needed, for example, in an expression like x OR (y AND z) - AND takes precedence over OR.

The base self_group() method of ClauseElement just returns self.

tablesample(sampling, name=None, seed=None)¶

inherited from the tablesample() method of FromClause

Return a TABLESAMPLE alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the TableSample construct also provided by the top-level tablesample() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

tablesample() - usage guidelines and parameters

unique_params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the unique_params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Same functionality as params(), except adds unique=True to affected bind parameters so that multiple statements can be used.

with_for_update(nowait=False, read=False, of=None, skip_locked=False, key_share=False)¶

Specify a FOR UPDATE clause for this GenerativeSelect.

E.g.:

stmt = select([table]).with_for_update(nowait=True)

On a database like PostgreSQL or Oracle, the above would render a statement like:

SELECT table.a, table.b FROM table FOR UPDATE NOWAIT

on other backends, the nowait option is ignored and instead would produce:

SELECT table.a, table.b FROM table FOR UPDATE

When called with no arguments, the statement will render with the suffix FOR UPDATE. Additional arguments can then be provided which allow for common database-specific variants.

Parameters:

nowait¶ – boolean; will render FOR UPDATE NOWAIT on Oracle and PostgreSQL dialects. read¶ – boolean; will render LOCK IN SHARE MODE on MySQL, FOR SHARE on PostgreSQL. On PostgreSQL, when combined with nowait, will render FOR SHARE NOWAIT. of¶ – SQL expression or list of SQL expression elements (typically Column objects or a compatible expression) which will render into a FOR UPDATE OF clause; supported by PostgreSQL and Oracle. May render as a table or as a column depending on backend. skip_locked¶ – boolean, will render FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED on Oracle and PostgreSQL dialects or FOR SHARE SKIP LOCKED if read=True is also specified. New in version 1.1.0. key_share¶ – boolean, will render FOR NO KEY UPDATE, or if combined with read=True will render FOR KEY SHARE, on the PostgreSQL dialect. New in version 1.1.0.

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.HasCTE¶

Mixin that declares a class to include CTE support.

New in version 1.1.

cte(name=None, recursive=False)¶

Return a new CTE, or Common Table Expression instance.

Common table expressions are a SQL standard whereby SELECT statements can draw upon secondary statements specified along with the primary statement, using a clause called “WITH”. Special semantics regarding UNION can also be employed to allow “recursive” queries, where a SELECT statement can draw upon the set of rows that have previously been selected.

CTEs can also be applied to DML constructs UPDATE, INSERT and DELETE on some databases, both as a source of CTE rows when combined with RETURNING, as well as a consumer of CTE rows.

SQLAlchemy detects CTE objects, which are treated similarly to Alias objects, as special elements to be delivered to the FROM clause of the statement as well as to a WITH clause at the top of the statement.

Changed in version 1.1: Added support for UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE as CTE, CTEs added to UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE.

Parameters:	name¶ – name given to the common table expression. Like _FromClause.alias(), the name can be left as None in which case an anonymous symbol will be used at query compile time. recursive¶ – if True, will render WITH RECURSIVE. A recursive common table expression is intended to be used in conjunction with UNION ALL in order to derive rows from those already selected.

The following examples include two from PostgreSQL’s documentation at http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/queries-with.html, as well as additional examples.

Example 1, non recursive:

from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
                        MetaData, select, func)

metadata = MetaData()

orders = Table('orders', metadata,
    Column('region', String),
    Column('amount', Integer),
    Column('product', String),
    Column('quantity', Integer)
)

regional_sales = select([
                    orders.c.region,
                    func.sum(orders.c.amount).label('total_sales')
                ]).group_by(orders.c.region).cte("regional_sales")


top_regions = select([regional_sales.c.region]).\
        where(
            regional_sales.c.total_sales >
            select([
                func.sum(regional_sales.c.total_sales)/10
            ])
        ).cte("top_regions")

statement = select([
            orders.c.region,
            orders.c.product,
            func.sum(orders.c.quantity).label("product_units"),
            func.sum(orders.c.amount).label("product_sales")
    ]).where(orders.c.region.in_(
        select([top_regions.c.region])
    )).group_by(orders.c.region, orders.c.product)

result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()

Example 2, WITH RECURSIVE:

from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
                        MetaData, select, func)

metadata = MetaData()

parts = Table('parts', metadata,
    Column('part', String),
    Column('sub_part', String),
    Column('quantity', Integer),
)

included_parts = select([
                    parts.c.sub_part,
                    parts.c.part,
                    parts.c.quantity]).\
                    where(parts.c.part=='our part').\
                    cte(recursive=True)


incl_alias = included_parts.alias()
parts_alias = parts.alias()
included_parts = included_parts.union_all(
    select([
        parts_alias.c.sub_part,
        parts_alias.c.part,
        parts_alias.c.quantity
    ]).
        where(parts_alias.c.part==incl_alias.c.sub_part)
)

statement = select([
            included_parts.c.sub_part,
            func.sum(included_parts.c.quantity).
              label('total_quantity')
        ]).\
        group_by(included_parts.c.sub_part)

result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()

Example 3, an upsert using UPDATE and INSERT with CTEs:

from datetime import date
from sqlalchemy import (MetaData, Table, Column, Integer,
                        Date, select, literal, and_, exists)

metadata = MetaData()

visitors = Table('visitors', metadata,
    Column('product_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column('date', Date, primary_key=True),
    Column('count', Integer),
)

# add 5 visitors for the product_id == 1
product_id = 1
day = date.today()
count = 5

update_cte = (
    visitors.update()
    .where(and_(visitors.c.product_id == product_id,
                visitors.c.date == day))
    .values(count=visitors.c.count + count)
    .returning(literal(1))
    .cte('update_cte')
)

upsert = visitors.insert().from_select(
    [visitors.c.product_id, visitors.c.date, visitors.c.count],
    select([literal(product_id), literal(day), literal(count)])
        .where(~exists(update_cte.select()))
)

connection.execute(upsert)

See also

orm.query.Query.cte() - ORM version of HasCTE.cte().

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.HasPrefixes¶

prefix_with(*expr, **kw)¶

Add one or more expressions following the statement keyword, i.e. SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE. Generative.

This is used to support backend-specific prefix keywords such as those provided by MySQL.

E.g.:

stmt = table.insert().prefix_with("LOW_PRIORITY", dialect="mysql")

# MySQL 5.7 optimizer hints
stmt = select([table]).prefix_with(
    "/*+ BKA(t1) */", dialect="mysql")

Multiple prefixes can be specified by multiple calls to prefix_with().

Parameters:

*expr¶ – textual or ClauseElement construct which will be rendered following the INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE keyword. Warning The HasPrefixes.prefix_with.*expr argument to HasPrefixes.prefix_with() can be passed as a Python string argument, which will be treated as trusted SQL text and rendered as given. DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS PARAMETER. **kw¶ – A single keyword ‘dialect’ is accepted. This is an optional string dialect name which will limit rendering of this prefix to only that dialect.

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.HasSuffixes¶

suffix_with(*expr, **kw)¶

Add one or more expressions following the statement as a whole.

This is used to support backend-specific suffix keywords on certain constructs.

E.g.:

stmt = select([col1, col2]).cte().suffix_with(
    "cycle empno set y_cycle to 1 default 0", dialect="oracle")

Multiple suffixes can be specified by multiple calls to suffix_with().

Parameters:

*expr¶ – textual or ClauseElement construct which will be rendered following the target clause. Warning The HasSuffixes.suffix_with.*expr argument to HasSuffixes.suffix_with() can be passed as a Python string argument, which will be treated as trusted SQL text and rendered as given. DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS PARAMETER. **kw¶ – A single keyword ‘dialect’ is accepted. This is an optional string dialect name which will limit rendering of this suffix to only that dialect.

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Join(left, right, onclause=None, isouter=False, full=False)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.expression.FromClause

represent a JOIN construct between two FromClause elements.

The public constructor function for Join is the module-level join() function, as well as the FromClause.join() method of any FromClause (e.g. such as Table).

See also

join()

FromClause.join()

__eq__¶

inherited from the __eq__ attribute of object

Return self==value.

__init__(left, right, onclause=None, isouter=False, full=False)¶

Construct a new Join.

The usual entrypoint here is the join() function or the FromClause.join() method of any FromClause object.

__le__¶

inherited from the __le__ attribute of object

Return self<=value.

__lt__¶

inherited from the __lt__ attribute of object

Return self<value.

__ne__¶

inherited from the __ne__ attribute of object

Return self!=value.

alias(sqlutil, name=None, flat=False)¶

return an alias of this Join.

The default behavior here is to first produce a SELECT construct from this Join, then to produce an Alias from that. So given a join of the form:

j = table_a.join(table_b, table_a.c.id == table_b.c.a_id)

The JOIN by itself would look like:

table_a JOIN table_b ON table_a.id = table_b.a_id

Whereas the alias of the above, j.alias(), would in a SELECT context look like:

(SELECT table_a.id AS table_a_id, table_b.id AS table_b_id,
    table_b.a_id AS table_b_a_id
    FROM table_a
    JOIN table_b ON table_a.id = table_b.a_id) AS anon_1

The equivalent long-hand form, given a Join object j, is:

from sqlalchemy import select, alias
j = alias(
    select([j.left, j.right]).\
        select_from(j).\
        with_labels(True).\
        correlate(False),
    name=name
)

The selectable produced by Join.alias() features the same columns as that of the two individual selectables presented under a single name - the individual columns are “auto-labeled”, meaning the .c. collection of the resulting Alias represents the names of the individual columns using a <tablename>_<columname> scheme:

j.c.table_a_id
j.c.table_b_a_id

Join.alias() also features an alternate option for aliasing joins which produces no enclosing SELECT and does not normally apply labels to the column names. The flat=True option will call FromClause.alias() against the left and right sides individually. Using this option, no new SELECT is produced; we instead, from a construct as below:

j = table_a.join(table_b, table_a.c.id == table_b.c.a_id)
j = j.alias(flat=True)

we get a result like this:

table_a AS table_a_1 JOIN table_b AS table_b_1 ON
table_a_1.id = table_b_1.a_id

The flat=True argument is also propagated to the contained selectables, so that a composite join such as:

j = table_a.join(
        table_b.join(table_c,
                table_b.c.id == table_c.c.b_id),
        table_b.c.a_id == table_a.c.id
    ).alias(flat=True)

Will produce an expression like:

table_a AS table_a_1 JOIN (
        table_b AS table_b_1 JOIN table_c AS table_c_1
        ON table_b_1.id = table_c_1.b_id
) ON table_a_1.id = table_b_1.a_id

The standalone alias() function as well as the base FromClause.alias() method also support the flat=True argument as a no-op, so that the argument can be passed to the alias() method of any selectable.

New in version 0.9.0: Added the flat=True option to create “aliases” of joins without enclosing inside of a SELECT subquery.

Parameters:	name¶ – name given to the alias. flat¶ – if True, produce an alias of the left and right sides of this Join and return the join of those two selectables. This produces join expression that does not include an enclosing SELECT. New in version 0.9.0.

See also

Using Aliases and Subqueries

alias()

c¶

inherited from the c attribute of FromClause

An alias for the columns attribute.

columns¶

inherited from the columns attribute of FromClause

A named-based collection of ColumnElement objects maintained by this FromClause.

The columns, or c collection, is the gateway to the construction of SQL expressions using table-bound or other selectable-bound columns:

select([mytable]).where(mytable.c.somecolumn == 5)

compare(other, **kw)¶

inherited from the compare() method of ClauseElement

Compare this ClauseElement to the given ClauseElement.

Subclasses should override the default behavior, which is a straight identity comparison.

**kw are arguments consumed by subclass compare() methods and may be used to modify the criteria for comparison. (see ColumnElement)

compile(default, bind=None, dialect=None, **kw)¶

inherited from the compile() method of ClauseElement

Compile this SQL expression.

The return value is a Compiled object. Calling str() or unicode() on the returned value will yield a string representation of the result. The Compiled object also can return a dictionary of bind parameter names and values using the params accessor.

Parameters:

bind¶ – An Engine or Connection from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. column_keys¶ – Used for INSERT and UPDATE statements, a list of column names which should be present in the VALUES clause of the compiled statement. If None, all columns from the target table object are rendered. dialect¶ – A Dialect instance from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over the bind argument as well as this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. inline¶ – Used for INSERT statements, for a dialect which does not support inline retrieval of newly generated primary key columns, will force the expression used to create the new primary key value to be rendered inline within the INSERT statement’s VALUES clause. This typically refers to Sequence execution but may also refer to any server-side default generation function associated with a primary key Column. compile_kwargs¶ – optional dictionary of additional parameters that will be passed through to the compiler within all “visit” methods. This allows any custom flag to be passed through to a custom compilation construct, for example. It is also used for the case of passing the literal_binds flag through: from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, select t = table('t', column('x')) s = select([t]).where(t.c.x == 5) print s.compile(compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}) New in version 0.9.0.

See also

How do I render SQL expressions as strings, possibly with bound parameters inlined?

correspond_on_equivalents(column, equivalents)¶

inherited from the correspond_on_equivalents() method of FromClause

Return corresponding_column for the given column, or if None search for a match in the given dictionary.

corresponding_column(column, require_embedded=False)¶

inherited from the corresponding_column() method of FromClause

Given a ColumnElement, return the exported ColumnElement object from this Selectable which corresponds to that original Column via a common ancestor column.

Parameters:	column¶ – the target ColumnElement to be matched require_embedded¶ – only return corresponding columns for the given ColumnElement, if the given ColumnElement is actually present within a sub-element of this FromClause. Normally the column will match if it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported columns of this FromClause.

count(functions, whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the count() method of FromClause

return a SELECT COUNT generated against this FromClause.

Deprecated since version 1.1: The FromClause.count() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the functions.count function available from the func namespace.

See also

functions.count

description¶

a brief description of this FromClause.

Used primarily for error message formatting.

foreign_keys¶

inherited from the foreign_keys attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of ForeignKey objects which this FromClause references.

get_children(**kwargs)¶

Return immediate child elements of this ClauseElement.

This is used for visit traversal.

**kwargs may contain flags that change the collection that is returned, for example to return a subset of items in order to cut down on larger traversals, or to return child items from a different context (such as schema-level collections instead of clause-level).

is_derived_from(fromclause)¶

Return True if this FromClause is ‘derived’ from the given FromClause.

An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.

join(right, onclause=None, isouter=False, full=False)¶

inherited from the join() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import join

j = user_table.join(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)

would emit SQL along the lines of:

SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. isouter¶ – if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. Implies FromClause.join.isouter. New in version 1.1.

See also

join() - standalone function

Join - the type of object produced

lateral(name=None)¶

inherited from the lateral() method of FromClause

Return a LATERAL alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the Lateral construct also provided by the top-level lateral() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

LATERAL correlation - overview of usage.

outerjoin(right, onclause=None, full=False)¶

inherited from the outerjoin() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause, with the “isouter” flag set to True.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import outerjoin

j = user_table.outerjoin(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)

The above is equivalent to:

j = user_table.join(
    address_table,
    user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id,
    isouter=True)

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. New in version 1.1.

See also

FromClause.join()

Join

params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Returns a copy of this ClauseElement with bindparam() elements replaced with values taken from the given dictionary:

>>> clause = column('x') + bindparam('foo')
>>> print clause.compile().params
{'foo':None}
>>> print clause.params({'foo':7}).compile().params
{'foo':7}

primary_key¶

inherited from the primary_key attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of Column objects which comprise the primary key of this FromClause.

replace_selectable(sqlutil, old, alias)¶

inherited from the replace_selectable() method of FromClause

replace all occurrences of FromClause ‘old’ with the given Alias object, returning a copy of this FromClause.

select(whereclause=None, **kwargs)¶

Create a Select from this Join.

The equivalent long-hand form, given a Join object j, is:

from sqlalchemy import select
j = select([j.left, j.right], **kw).\
            where(whereclause).\
            select_from(j)

Parameters:	whereclause¶ – the WHERE criterion that will be sent to the select() function **kwargs¶ – all other kwargs are sent to the underlying select() function.

self_group(against=None)¶

Apply a ‘grouping’ to this ClauseElement.

This method is overridden by subclasses to return a “grouping” construct, i.e. parenthesis. In particular it’s used by “binary” expressions to provide a grouping around themselves when placed into a larger expression, as well as by select() constructs when placed into the FROM clause of another select(). (Note that subqueries should be normally created using the Select.alias() method, as many platforms require nested SELECT statements to be named).

As expressions are composed together, the application of self_group() is automatic - end-user code should never need to use this method directly. Note that SQLAlchemy’s clause constructs take operator precedence into account - so parenthesis might not be needed, for example, in an expression like x OR (y AND z) - AND takes precedence over OR.

The base self_group() method of ClauseElement just returns self.

tablesample(sampling, name=None, seed=None)¶

inherited from the tablesample() method of FromClause

Return a TABLESAMPLE alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the TableSample construct also provided by the top-level tablesample() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

tablesample() - usage guidelines and parameters

unique_params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the unique_params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Same functionality as params(), except adds unique=True to affected bind parameters so that multiple statements can be used.

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Lateral(*arg, **kw)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Alias

Represent a LATERAL subquery.

This object is constructed from the lateral() module level function as well as the FromClause.lateral() method available on all FromClause subclasses.

While LATERAL is part of the SQL standard, currently only more recent PostgreSQL versions provide support for this keyword.

New in version 1.1.

See also

LATERAL correlation - overview of usage.

__eq__¶

inherited from the __eq__ attribute of object

Return self==value.

__le__¶

inherited from the __le__ attribute of object

Return self<=value.

__lt__¶

inherited from the __lt__ attribute of object

Return self<value.

__ne__¶

inherited from the __ne__ attribute of object

Return self!=value.

alias(name=None, flat=False)¶

inherited from the alias() method of FromClause

return an alias of this FromClause.

E.g.:

a2 = some_table.alias('a2')

The above code creates an Alias object which can be used as a FROM clause in any SELECT statement.

See also

Using Aliases and Subqueries

alias()

c¶

inherited from the c attribute of FromClause

An alias for the columns attribute.

columns¶

inherited from the columns attribute of FromClause

A named-based collection of ColumnElement objects maintained by this FromClause.

The columns, or c collection, is the gateway to the construction of SQL expressions using table-bound or other selectable-bound columns:

select([mytable]).where(mytable.c.somecolumn == 5)

compare(other, **kw)¶

inherited from the compare() method of ClauseElement

Compare this ClauseElement to the given ClauseElement.

Subclasses should override the default behavior, which is a straight identity comparison.

**kw are arguments consumed by subclass compare() methods and may be used to modify the criteria for comparison. (see ColumnElement)

compile(default, bind=None, dialect=None, **kw)¶

inherited from the compile() method of ClauseElement

Compile this SQL expression.

The return value is a Compiled object. Calling str() or unicode() on the returned value will yield a string representation of the result. The Compiled object also can return a dictionary of bind parameter names and values using the params accessor.

Parameters:

bind¶ – An Engine or Connection from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. column_keys¶ – Used for INSERT and UPDATE statements, a list of column names which should be present in the VALUES clause of the compiled statement. If None, all columns from the target table object are rendered. dialect¶ – A Dialect instance from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over the bind argument as well as this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. inline¶ – Used for INSERT statements, for a dialect which does not support inline retrieval of newly generated primary key columns, will force the expression used to create the new primary key value to be rendered inline within the INSERT statement’s VALUES clause. This typically refers to Sequence execution but may also refer to any server-side default generation function associated with a primary key Column. compile_kwargs¶ – optional dictionary of additional parameters that will be passed through to the compiler within all “visit” methods. This allows any custom flag to be passed through to a custom compilation construct, for example. It is also used for the case of passing the literal_binds flag through: from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, select t = table('t', column('x')) s = select([t]).where(t.c.x == 5) print s.compile(compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}) New in version 0.9.0.

See also

How do I render SQL expressions as strings, possibly with bound parameters inlined?

correspond_on_equivalents(column, equivalents)¶

inherited from the correspond_on_equivalents() method of FromClause

Return corresponding_column for the given column, or if None search for a match in the given dictionary.

corresponding_column(column, require_embedded=False)¶

inherited from the corresponding_column() method of FromClause

Given a ColumnElement, return the exported ColumnElement object from this Selectable which corresponds to that original Column via a common ancestor column.

Parameters:	column¶ – the target ColumnElement to be matched require_embedded¶ – only return corresponding columns for the given ColumnElement, if the given ColumnElement is actually present within a sub-element of this FromClause. Normally the column will match if it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported columns of this FromClause.

count(functions, whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the count() method of FromClause

return a SELECT COUNT generated against this FromClause.

Deprecated since version 1.1: The FromClause.count() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the functions.count function available from the func namespace.

See also

functions.count

description¶

inherited from the description attribute of Alias

a brief description of this FromClause.

Used primarily for error message formatting.

foreign_keys¶

inherited from the foreign_keys attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of ForeignKey objects which this FromClause references.

get_children(column_collections=True, **kw)¶

inherited from the get_children() method of Alias

Return immediate child elements of this ClauseElement.

This is used for visit traversal.

**kwargs may contain flags that change the collection that is returned, for example to return a subset of items in order to cut down on larger traversals, or to return child items from a different context (such as schema-level collections instead of clause-level).

is_derived_from(fromclause)¶

inherited from the is_derived_from() method of Alias

Return True if this FromClause is ‘derived’ from the given FromClause.

An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.

join(right, onclause=None, isouter=False, full=False)¶

inherited from the join() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import join

j = user_table.join(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)

would emit SQL along the lines of:

SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. isouter¶ – if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. Implies FromClause.join.isouter. New in version 1.1.

See also

join() - standalone function

Join - the type of object produced

lateral(name=None)¶

inherited from the lateral() method of FromClause

Return a LATERAL alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the Lateral construct also provided by the top-level lateral() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

LATERAL correlation - overview of usage.

outerjoin(right, onclause=None, full=False)¶

inherited from the outerjoin() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause, with the “isouter” flag set to True.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import outerjoin

j = user_table.outerjoin(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)

The above is equivalent to:

j = user_table.join(
    address_table,
    user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id,
    isouter=True)

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. New in version 1.1.

See also

FromClause.join()

Join

params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Returns a copy of this ClauseElement with bindparam() elements replaced with values taken from the given dictionary:

>>> clause = column('x') + bindparam('foo')
>>> print clause.compile().params
{'foo':None}
>>> print clause.params({'foo':7}).compile().params
{'foo':7}

primary_key¶

inherited from the primary_key attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of Column objects which comprise the primary key of this FromClause.

replace_selectable(sqlutil, old, alias)¶

inherited from the replace_selectable() method of FromClause

replace all occurrences of FromClause ‘old’ with the given Alias object, returning a copy of this FromClause.

select(whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the select() method of FromClause

return a SELECT of this FromClause.

See also

select() - general purpose method which allows for arbitrary column lists.

self_group(against=None)¶

inherited from the self_group() method of Alias

Apply a ‘grouping’ to this ClauseElement.

This method is overridden by subclasses to return a “grouping” construct, i.e. parenthesis. In particular it’s used by “binary” expressions to provide a grouping around themselves when placed into a larger expression, as well as by select() constructs when placed into the FROM clause of another select(). (Note that subqueries should be normally created using the Select.alias() method, as many platforms require nested SELECT statements to be named).

As expressions are composed together, the application of self_group() is automatic - end-user code should never need to use this method directly. Note that SQLAlchemy’s clause constructs take operator precedence into account - so parenthesis might not be needed, for example, in an expression like x OR (y AND z) - AND takes precedence over OR.

The base self_group() method of ClauseElement just returns self.

tablesample(sampling, name=None, seed=None)¶

inherited from the tablesample() method of FromClause

Return a TABLESAMPLE alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the TableSample construct also provided by the top-level tablesample() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

tablesample() - usage guidelines and parameters

unique_params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the unique_params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Same functionality as params(), except adds unique=True to affected bind parameters so that multiple statements can be used.

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ScalarSelect(element)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Generative, sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Grouping

self_group(**kwargs)¶

Apply a ‘grouping’ to this ClauseElement.

This method is overridden by subclasses to return a “grouping” construct, i.e. parenthesis. In particular it’s used by “binary” expressions to provide a grouping around themselves when placed into a larger expression, as well as by select() constructs when placed into the FROM clause of another select(). (Note that subqueries should be normally created using the Select.alias() method, as many platforms require nested SELECT statements to be named).

As expressions are composed together, the application of self_group() is automatic - end-user code should never need to use this method directly. Note that SQLAlchemy’s clause constructs take operator precedence into account - so parenthesis might not be needed, for example, in an expression like x OR (y AND z) - AND takes precedence over OR.

The base self_group() method of ClauseElement just returns self.

where(crit)¶

Apply a WHERE clause to the SELECT statement referred to by this ScalarSelect.

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Select(columns=None, whereclause=None, from_obj=None, distinct=False, having=None, correlate=True, prefixes=None, suffixes=None, **kwargs)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.expression.HasPrefixes, sqlalchemy.sql.expression.HasSuffixes, sqlalchemy.sql.expression.GenerativeSelect

Represents a SELECT statement.

__eq__¶

inherited from the __eq__ attribute of object

Return self==value.

__init__(columns=None, whereclause=None, from_obj=None, distinct=False, having=None, correlate=True, prefixes=None, suffixes=None, **kwargs)¶

Construct a new Select object.

This constructor is mirrored as a public API function; see select() for a full usage and argument description.

__le__¶

inherited from the __le__ attribute of object

Return self<=value.

__lt__¶

inherited from the __lt__ attribute of object

Return self<value.

__ne__¶

inherited from the __ne__ attribute of object

Return self!=value.

alias(name=None, flat=False)¶

inherited from the alias() method of FromClause

return an alias of this FromClause.

E.g.:

a2 = some_table.alias('a2')

The above code creates an Alias object which can be used as a FROM clause in any SELECT statement.

See also

Using Aliases and Subqueries

alias()

append_column(column)¶

append the given column expression to the columns clause of this select() construct.

E.g.:

my_select.append_column(some_table.c.new_column)

This is an in-place mutation method; the column() method is preferred, as it provides standard method chaining.

See the documentation for Select.with_only_columns() for guidelines on adding /replacing the columns of a Select object.

append_correlation(fromclause)¶

append the given correlation expression to this select() construct.

This is an in-place mutation method; the correlate() method is preferred, as it provides standard method chaining.

append_from(fromclause)¶

append the given FromClause expression to this select() construct’s FROM clause.

This is an in-place mutation method; the select_from() method is preferred, as it provides standard method chaining.

append_group_by(*clauses)¶

inherited from the append_group_by() method of GenerativeSelect

Append the given GROUP BY criterion applied to this selectable.

The criterion will be appended to any pre-existing GROUP BY criterion.

This is an in-place mutation method; the group_by() method is preferred, as it provides standard method chaining.

See also

GenerativeSelect.group_by()

append_having(having)¶

append the given expression to this select() construct’s HAVING criterion.

The expression will be joined to existing HAVING criterion via AND.

This is an in-place mutation method; the having() method is preferred, as it provides standard method chaining.

append_order_by(*clauses)¶

inherited from the append_order_by() method of GenerativeSelect

Append the given ORDER BY criterion applied to this selectable.

The criterion will be appended to any pre-existing ORDER BY criterion.

This is an in-place mutation method; the order_by() method is preferred, as it provides standard method chaining.

See also

GenerativeSelect.order_by()

append_prefix(clause)¶

append the given columns clause prefix expression to this select() construct.

This is an in-place mutation method; the prefix_with() method is preferred, as it provides standard method chaining.

append_whereclause(whereclause)¶

append the given expression to this select() construct’s WHERE criterion.

The expression will be joined to existing WHERE criterion via AND.

This is an in-place mutation method; the where() method is preferred, as it provides standard method chaining.

apply_labels()¶

inherited from the apply_labels() method of GenerativeSelect

return a new selectable with the ‘use_labels’ flag set to True.

This will result in column expressions being generated using labels against their table name, such as “SELECT somecolumn AS tablename_somecolumn”. This allows selectables which contain multiple FROM clauses to produce a unique set of column names regardless of name conflicts among the individual FROM clauses.

as_scalar()¶

inherited from the as_scalar() method of SelectBase

return a ‘scalar’ representation of this selectable, which can be used as a column expression.

Typically, a select statement which has only one column in its columns clause is eligible to be used as a scalar expression.

The returned object is an instance of ScalarSelect.

autocommit()¶

inherited from the autocommit() method of SelectBase

return a new selectable with the ‘autocommit’ flag set to True.

Deprecated since version 0.6: The SelectBase.autocommit() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the the Connection.execution_options.autocommit parameter in conjunction with the Executable.execution_options() method.

bind¶

Returns the Engine or Connection to which this Executable is bound, or None if none found.

This is a traversal which checks locally, then checks among the “from” clauses of associated objects until a bound engine or connection is found.

c¶

inherited from the c attribute of FromClause

An alias for the columns attribute.

column(column)¶

return a new select() construct with the given column expression added to its columns clause.

E.g.:

my_select = my_select.column(table.c.new_column)

See the documentation for Select.with_only_columns() for guidelines on adding /replacing the columns of a Select object.

columns¶

inherited from the columns attribute of FromClause

A named-based collection of ColumnElement objects maintained by this FromClause.

The columns, or c collection, is the gateway to the construction of SQL expressions using table-bound or other selectable-bound columns:

select([mytable]).where(mytable.c.somecolumn == 5)

compare(other, **kw)¶

inherited from the compare() method of ClauseElement

Compare this ClauseElement to the given ClauseElement.

Subclasses should override the default behavior, which is a straight identity comparison.

**kw are arguments consumed by subclass compare() methods and may be used to modify the criteria for comparison. (see ColumnElement)

compile(default, bind=None, dialect=None, **kw)¶

inherited from the compile() method of ClauseElement

Compile this SQL expression.

The return value is a Compiled object. Calling str() or unicode() on the returned value will yield a string representation of the result. The Compiled object also can return a dictionary of bind parameter names and values using the params accessor.

Parameters:

bind¶ – An Engine or Connection from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. column_keys¶ – Used for INSERT and UPDATE statements, a list of column names which should be present in the VALUES clause of the compiled statement. If None, all columns from the target table object are rendered. dialect¶ – A Dialect instance from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over the bind argument as well as this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. inline¶ – Used for INSERT statements, for a dialect which does not support inline retrieval of newly generated primary key columns, will force the expression used to create the new primary key value to be rendered inline within the INSERT statement’s VALUES clause. This typically refers to Sequence execution but may also refer to any server-side default generation function associated with a primary key Column. compile_kwargs¶ – optional dictionary of additional parameters that will be passed through to the compiler within all “visit” methods. This allows any custom flag to be passed through to a custom compilation construct, for example. It is also used for the case of passing the literal_binds flag through: from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, select t = table('t', column('x')) s = select([t]).where(t.c.x == 5) print s.compile(compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}) New in version 0.9.0.

See also

How do I render SQL expressions as strings, possibly with bound parameters inlined?

correlate(*fromclauses)¶

return a new Select which will correlate the given FROM clauses to that of an enclosing Select.

Calling this method turns off the Select object’s default behavior of “auto-correlation”. Normally, FROM elements which appear in a Select that encloses this one via its WHERE clause, ORDER BY, HAVING or columns clause will be omitted from this Select object’s FROM clause. Setting an explicit correlation collection using the Select.correlate() method provides a fixed list of FROM objects that can potentially take place in this process.

When Select.correlate() is used to apply specific FROM clauses for correlation, the FROM elements become candidates for correlation regardless of how deeply nested this Select object is, relative to an enclosing Select which refers to the same FROM object. This is in contrast to the behavior of “auto-correlation” which only correlates to an immediate enclosing Select. Multi-level correlation ensures that the link between enclosed and enclosing Select is always via at least one WHERE/ORDER BY/HAVING/columns clause in order for correlation to take place.

If None is passed, the Select object will correlate none of its FROM entries, and all will render unconditionally in the local FROM clause.

Parameters:	*fromclauses¶ – a list of one or more FromClause constructs, or other compatible constructs (i.e. ORM-mapped classes) to become part of the correlate collection.

See also

Select.correlate_except()

Correlated Subqueries

correlate_except(*fromclauses)¶

return a new Select which will omit the given FROM clauses from the auto-correlation process.

Calling Select.correlate_except() turns off the Select object’s default behavior of “auto-correlation” for the given FROM elements. An element specified here will unconditionally appear in the FROM list, while all other FROM elements remain subject to normal auto-correlation behaviors.

If None is passed, the Select object will correlate all of its FROM entries.

Parameters:	*fromclauses¶ – a list of one or more FromClause constructs, or other compatible constructs (i.e. ORM-mapped classes) to become part of the correlate-exception collection.

See also

Select.correlate()

Correlated Subqueries

correspond_on_equivalents(column, equivalents)¶

inherited from the correspond_on_equivalents() method of FromClause

Return corresponding_column for the given column, or if None search for a match in the given dictionary.

corresponding_column(column, require_embedded=False)¶

inherited from the corresponding_column() method of FromClause

Given a ColumnElement, return the exported ColumnElement object from this Selectable which corresponds to that original Column via a common ancestor column.

Parameters:	column¶ – the target ColumnElement to be matched require_embedded¶ – only return corresponding columns for the given ColumnElement, if the given ColumnElement is actually present within a sub-element of this FromClause. Normally the column will match if it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported columns of this FromClause.

count(functions, whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the count() method of FromClause

return a SELECT COUNT generated against this FromClause.

Deprecated since version 1.1: The FromClause.count() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the functions.count function available from the func namespace.

See also

functions.count

cte(name=None, recursive=False)¶

inherited from the cte() method of HasCTE

Return a new CTE, or Common Table Expression instance.

Common table expressions are a SQL standard whereby SELECT statements can draw upon secondary statements specified along with the primary statement, using a clause called “WITH”. Special semantics regarding UNION can also be employed to allow “recursive” queries, where a SELECT statement can draw upon the set of rows that have previously been selected.

CTEs can also be applied to DML constructs UPDATE, INSERT and DELETE on some databases, both as a source of CTE rows when combined with RETURNING, as well as a consumer of CTE rows.

SQLAlchemy detects CTE objects, which are treated similarly to Alias objects, as special elements to be delivered to the FROM clause of the statement as well as to a WITH clause at the top of the statement.

Changed in version 1.1: Added support for UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE as CTE, CTEs added to UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE.

Parameters:	name¶ – name given to the common table expression. Like _FromClause.alias(), the name can be left as None in which case an anonymous symbol will be used at query compile time. recursive¶ – if True, will render WITH RECURSIVE. A recursive common table expression is intended to be used in conjunction with UNION ALL in order to derive rows from those already selected.

The following examples include two from PostgreSQL’s documentation at http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/queries-with.html, as well as additional examples.

Example 1, non recursive:

from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
                        MetaData, select, func)

metadata = MetaData()

orders = Table('orders', metadata,
    Column('region', String),
    Column('amount', Integer),
    Column('product', String),
    Column('quantity', Integer)
)

regional_sales = select([
                    orders.c.region,
                    func.sum(orders.c.amount).label('total_sales')
                ]).group_by(orders.c.region).cte("regional_sales")


top_regions = select([regional_sales.c.region]).\
        where(
            regional_sales.c.total_sales >
            select([
                func.sum(regional_sales.c.total_sales)/10
            ])
        ).cte("top_regions")

statement = select([
            orders.c.region,
            orders.c.product,
            func.sum(orders.c.quantity).label("product_units"),
            func.sum(orders.c.amount).label("product_sales")
    ]).where(orders.c.region.in_(
        select([top_regions.c.region])
    )).group_by(orders.c.region, orders.c.product)

result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()

Example 2, WITH RECURSIVE:

from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
                        MetaData, select, func)

metadata = MetaData()

parts = Table('parts', metadata,
    Column('part', String),
    Column('sub_part', String),
    Column('quantity', Integer),
)

included_parts = select([
                    parts.c.sub_part,
                    parts.c.part,
                    parts.c.quantity]).\
                    where(parts.c.part=='our part').\
                    cte(recursive=True)


incl_alias = included_parts.alias()
parts_alias = parts.alias()
included_parts = included_parts.union_all(
    select([
        parts_alias.c.sub_part,
        parts_alias.c.part,
        parts_alias.c.quantity
    ]).
        where(parts_alias.c.part==incl_alias.c.sub_part)
)

statement = select([
            included_parts.c.sub_part,
            func.sum(included_parts.c.quantity).
              label('total_quantity')
        ]).\
        group_by(included_parts.c.sub_part)

result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()

Example 3, an upsert using UPDATE and INSERT with CTEs:

from datetime import date
from sqlalchemy import (MetaData, Table, Column, Integer,
                        Date, select, literal, and_, exists)

metadata = MetaData()

visitors = Table('visitors', metadata,
    Column('product_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column('date', Date, primary_key=True),
    Column('count', Integer),
)

# add 5 visitors for the product_id == 1
product_id = 1
day = date.today()
count = 5

update_cte = (
    visitors.update()
    .where(and_(visitors.c.product_id == product_id,
                visitors.c.date == day))
    .values(count=visitors.c.count + count)
    .returning(literal(1))
    .cte('update_cte')
)

upsert = visitors.insert().from_select(
    [visitors.c.product_id, visitors.c.date, visitors.c.count],
    select([literal(product_id), literal(day), literal(count)])
        .where(~exists(update_cte.select()))
)

connection.execute(upsert)

See also

orm.query.Query.cte() - ORM version of HasCTE.cte().

description¶

inherited from the description attribute of FromClause

a brief description of this FromClause.

Used primarily for error message formatting.

distinct(*expr)¶

Return a new select() construct which will apply DISTINCT to its columns clause.

Parameters:	*expr¶ – optional column expressions. When present, the PostgreSQL dialect will render a DISTINCT ON (<expressions>>) construct.

except_(other, **kwargs)¶

return a SQL EXCEPT of this select() construct against the given selectable.

except_all(other, **kwargs)¶

return a SQL EXCEPT ALL of this select() construct against the given selectable.

execute(*multiparams, **params)¶

inherited from the execute() method of Executable

Compile and execute this Executable.

execution_options(**kw)¶

inherited from the execution_options() method of Executable

Set non-SQL options for the statement which take effect during execution.

Execution options can be set on a per-statement or per Connection basis. Additionally, the Engine and ORM Query objects provide access to execution options which they in turn configure upon connections.

The execution_options() method is generative. A new instance of this statement is returned that contains the options:

statement = select([table.c.x, table.c.y])
statement = statement.execution_options(autocommit=True)

Note that only a subset of possible execution options can be applied to a statement - these include “autocommit” and “stream_results”, but not “isolation_level” or “compiled_cache”. See Connection.execution_options() for a full list of possible options.

See also

Connection.execution_options()

Query.execution_options()

Executable.get_execution_options()

for_update¶

inherited from the for_update attribute of GenerativeSelect

Provide legacy dialect support for the for_update attribute.

foreign_keys¶

inherited from the foreign_keys attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of ForeignKey objects which this FromClause references.

froms¶

Return the displayed list of FromClause elements.

get_children(column_collections=True, **kwargs)¶

return child elements as per the ClauseElement specification.

get_execution_options()¶

inherited from the get_execution_options() method of Executable

Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.

New in version 1.3.

See also

Executable.execution_options()

group_by(*clauses)¶

inherited from the group_by() method of GenerativeSelect

return a new selectable with the given list of GROUP BY criterion applied.

e.g.:

stmt = select([table.c.name, func.max(table.c.stat)]).\
group_by(table.c.name)

Parameters:	*group_by¶ – a series of ColumnElement constructs which will be used to generate an GROUP BY clause.

See also

Ordering, Grouping, Limiting, Offset…ing…

having(having)¶

return a new select() construct with the given expression added to its HAVING clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.

inner_columns¶

an iterator of all ColumnElement expressions which would be rendered into the columns clause of the resulting SELECT statement.

intersect(other, **kwargs)¶

return a SQL INTERSECT of this select() construct against the given selectable.

intersect_all(other, **kwargs)¶

return a SQL INTERSECT ALL of this select() construct against the given selectable.

is_derived_from(fromclause)¶

Return True if this FromClause is ‘derived’ from the given FromClause.

An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.

join(right, onclause=None, isouter=False, full=False)¶

inherited from the join() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import join

j = user_table.join(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)

would emit SQL along the lines of:

SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. isouter¶ – if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. Implies FromClause.join.isouter. New in version 1.1.

See also

join() - standalone function

Join - the type of object produced

label(name)¶

inherited from the label() method of SelectBase

return a ‘scalar’ representation of this selectable, embedded as a subquery with a label.

See also

as_scalar().

lateral(name=None)¶

inherited from the lateral() method of FromClause

Return a LATERAL alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the Lateral construct also provided by the top-level lateral() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

LATERAL correlation - overview of usage.

limit(limit)¶

inherited from the limit() method of GenerativeSelect

return a new selectable with the given LIMIT criterion applied.

This is a numerical value which usually renders as a LIMIT expression in the resulting select. Backends that don’t support LIMIT will attempt to provide similar functionality.

Changed in version 1.0.0: - Select.limit() can now accept arbitrary SQL expressions as well as integer values.

Parameters:	limit¶ – an integer LIMIT parameter, or a SQL expression that provides an integer result.

locate_all_froms()¶

return a Set of all FromClause elements referenced by this Select.

This set is a superset of that returned by the froms property, which is specifically for those FromClause elements that would actually be rendered.

offset(offset)¶

inherited from the offset() method of GenerativeSelect

return a new selectable with the given OFFSET criterion applied.

This is a numeric value which usually renders as an OFFSET expression in the resulting select. Backends that don’t support OFFSET will attempt to provide similar functionality.

Changed in version 1.0.0: - Select.offset() can now accept arbitrary SQL expressions as well as integer values.

Parameters:	offset¶ – an integer OFFSET parameter, or a SQL expression that provides an integer result.

order_by(*clauses)¶

inherited from the order_by() method of GenerativeSelect

return a new selectable with the given list of ORDER BY criterion applied.

e.g.:

stmt = select([table]).order_by(table.c.id, table.c.name)

Parameters:	*order_by¶ – a series of ColumnElement constructs which will be used to generate an ORDER BY clause.

See also

Ordering, Grouping, Limiting, Offset…ing…

outerjoin(right, onclause=None, full=False)¶

inherited from the outerjoin() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause, with the “isouter” flag set to True.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import outerjoin

j = user_table.outerjoin(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)

The above is equivalent to:

j = user_table.join(
    address_table,
    user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id,
    isouter=True)

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. New in version 1.1.

See also

FromClause.join()

Join

params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Returns a copy of this ClauseElement with bindparam() elements replaced with values taken from the given dictionary:

>>> clause = column('x') + bindparam('foo')
>>> print clause.compile().params
{'foo':None}
>>> print clause.params({'foo':7}).compile().params
{'foo':7}

prefix_with(*expr, **kw)¶

inherited from the prefix_with() method of HasPrefixes

Add one or more expressions following the statement keyword, i.e. SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE. Generative.

This is used to support backend-specific prefix keywords such as those provided by MySQL.

E.g.:

stmt = table.insert().prefix_with("LOW_PRIORITY", dialect="mysql")

# MySQL 5.7 optimizer hints
stmt = select([table]).prefix_with(
    "/*+ BKA(t1) */", dialect="mysql")

Multiple prefixes can be specified by multiple calls to prefix_with().

Parameters:

*expr¶ – textual or ClauseElement construct which will be rendered following the INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE keyword. Warning The HasPrefixes.prefix_with.*expr argument to HasPrefixes.prefix_with() can be passed as a Python string argument, which will be treated as trusted SQL text and rendered as given. DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS PARAMETER. **kw¶ – A single keyword ‘dialect’ is accepted. This is an optional string dialect name which will limit rendering of this prefix to only that dialect.

primary_key¶

inherited from the primary_key attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of Column objects which comprise the primary key of this FromClause.

reduce_columns(sqlutil, only_synonyms=True)¶

Return a new :func`.select` construct with redundantly named, equivalently-valued columns removed from the columns clause.

“Redundant” here means two columns where one refers to the other either based on foreign key, or via a simple equality comparison in the WHERE clause of the statement. The primary purpose of this method is to automatically construct a select statement with all uniquely-named columns, without the need to use table-qualified labels as apply_labels() does.

When columns are omitted based on foreign key, the referred-to column is the one that’s kept. When columns are omitted based on WHERE equivalence, the first column in the columns clause is the one that’s kept.

Parameters:	only_synonyms¶ – when True, limit the removal of columns to those which have the same name as the equivalent. Otherwise, all columns that are equivalent to another are removed.

replace_selectable(sqlutil, old, alias)¶

inherited from the replace_selectable() method of FromClause

replace all occurrences of FromClause ‘old’ with the given Alias object, returning a copy of this FromClause.

scalar(*multiparams, **params)¶

inherited from the scalar() method of Executable

Compile and execute this Executable, returning the result’s scalar representation.

select(whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the select() method of FromClause

return a SELECT of this FromClause.

See also

select() - general purpose method which allows for arbitrary column lists.

select_from(fromclause)¶

return a new select() construct with the given FROM expression merged into its list of FROM objects.

E.g.:

table1 = table('t1', column('a'))
table2 = table('t2', column('b'))
s = select([table1.c.a]).\
    select_from(
        table1.join(table2, table1.c.a==table2.c.b)
    )

The “from” list is a unique set on the identity of each element, so adding an already present Table or other selectable will have no effect. Passing a Join that refers to an already present Table or other selectable will have the effect of concealing the presence of that selectable as an individual element in the rendered FROM list, instead rendering it into a JOIN clause.

While the typical purpose of Select.select_from() is to replace the default, derived FROM clause with a join, it can also be called with individual table elements, multiple times if desired, in the case that the FROM clause cannot be fully derived from the columns clause:

select([func.count('*')]).select_from(table1)

self_group(against=None)¶

return a ‘grouping’ construct as per the ClauseElement specification.

This produces an element that can be embedded in an expression. Note that this method is called automatically as needed when constructing expressions and should not require explicit use.

suffix_with(*expr, **kw)¶

inherited from the suffix_with() method of HasSuffixes

Add one or more expressions following the statement as a whole.

This is used to support backend-specific suffix keywords on certain constructs.

E.g.:

stmt = select([col1, col2]).cte().suffix_with(
    "cycle empno set y_cycle to 1 default 0", dialect="oracle")

Multiple suffixes can be specified by multiple calls to suffix_with().

Parameters:

*expr¶ – textual or ClauseElement construct which will be rendered following the target clause. Warning The HasSuffixes.suffix_with.*expr argument to HasSuffixes.suffix_with() can be passed as a Python string argument, which will be treated as trusted SQL text and rendered as given. DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS PARAMETER. **kw¶ – A single keyword ‘dialect’ is accepted. This is an optional string dialect name which will limit rendering of this suffix to only that dialect.

tablesample(sampling, name=None, seed=None)¶

inherited from the tablesample() method of FromClause

Return a TABLESAMPLE alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the TableSample construct also provided by the top-level tablesample() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

tablesample() - usage guidelines and parameters

union(other, **kwargs)¶

return a SQL UNION of this select() construct against the given selectable.

union_all(other, **kwargs)¶

return a SQL UNION ALL of this select() construct against the given selectable.

unique_params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the unique_params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Same functionality as params(), except adds unique=True to affected bind parameters so that multiple statements can be used.

where(whereclause)¶

return a new select() construct with the given expression added to its WHERE clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.

with_for_update(nowait=False, read=False, of=None, skip_locked=False, key_share=False)¶

inherited from the with_for_update() method of GenerativeSelect

Specify a FOR UPDATE clause for this GenerativeSelect.

E.g.:

stmt = select([table]).with_for_update(nowait=True)

On a database like PostgreSQL or Oracle, the above would render a statement like:

SELECT table.a, table.b FROM table FOR UPDATE NOWAIT

on other backends, the nowait option is ignored and instead would produce:

SELECT table.a, table.b FROM table FOR UPDATE

When called with no arguments, the statement will render with the suffix FOR UPDATE. Additional arguments can then be provided which allow for common database-specific variants.

Parameters:

nowait¶ – boolean; will render FOR UPDATE NOWAIT on Oracle and PostgreSQL dialects. read¶ – boolean; will render LOCK IN SHARE MODE on MySQL, FOR SHARE on PostgreSQL. On PostgreSQL, when combined with nowait, will render FOR SHARE NOWAIT. of¶ – SQL expression or list of SQL expression elements (typically Column objects or a compatible expression) which will render into a FOR UPDATE OF clause; supported by PostgreSQL and Oracle. May render as a table or as a column depending on backend. skip_locked¶ – boolean, will render FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED on Oracle and PostgreSQL dialects or FOR SHARE SKIP LOCKED if read=True is also specified. New in version 1.1.0. key_share¶ – boolean, will render FOR NO KEY UPDATE, or if combined with read=True will render FOR KEY SHARE, on the PostgreSQL dialect. New in version 1.1.0.

with_hint(selectable, text, dialect_name='*')¶

Add an indexing or other executional context hint for the given selectable to this Select.

The text of the hint is rendered in the appropriate location for the database backend in use, relative to the given Table or Alias passed as the selectable argument. The dialect implementation typically uses Python string substitution syntax with the token %(name)s to render the name of the table or alias. E.g. when using Oracle, the following:

select([mytable]).\
    with_hint(mytable, "index(%(name)s ix_mytable)")

Would render SQL as:

select /*+ index(mytable ix_mytable) */ ... from mytable

The dialect_name option will limit the rendering of a particular hint to a particular backend. Such as, to add hints for both Oracle and Sybase simultaneously:

select([mytable]).\
    with_hint(mytable, "index(%(name)s ix_mytable)", 'oracle').\
    with_hint(mytable, "WITH INDEX ix_mytable", 'sybase')

See also

Select.with_statement_hint()

with_only_columns(columns)¶

Return a new select() construct with its columns clause replaced with the given columns.

This method is exactly equivalent to as if the original select() had been called with the given columns clause. I.e. a statement:

s = select([table1.c.a, table1.c.b])
s = s.with_only_columns([table1.c.b])

should be exactly equivalent to:

s = select([table1.c.b])

This means that FROM clauses which are only derived from the column list will be discarded if the new column list no longer contains that FROM:

>>> table1 = table('t1', column('a'), column('b'))
>>> table2 = table('t2', column('a'), column('b'))
>>> s1 = select([table1.c.a, table2.c.b])
>>> print s1
SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM t1, t2
>>> s2 = s1.with_only_columns([table2.c.b])
>>> print s2
SELECT t2.b FROM t1

The preferred way to maintain a specific FROM clause in the construct, assuming it won’t be represented anywhere else (i.e. not in the WHERE clause, etc.) is to set it using Select.select_from():

>>> s1 = select([table1.c.a, table2.c.b]).\
...         select_from(table1.join(table2,
...                 table1.c.a==table2.c.a))
>>> s2 = s1.with_only_columns([table2.c.b])
>>> print s2
SELECT t2.b FROM t1 JOIN t2 ON t1.a=t2.a

Care should also be taken to use the correct set of column objects passed to Select.with_only_columns(). Since the method is essentially equivalent to calling the select() construct in the first place with the given columns, the columns passed to Select.with_only_columns() should usually be a subset of those which were passed to the select() construct, not those which are available from the .c collection of that select(). That is:

s = select([table1.c.a, table1.c.b]).select_from(table1)
s = s.with_only_columns([table1.c.b])

and not:

# usually incorrect
s = s.with_only_columns([s.c.b])

The latter would produce the SQL:

SELECT b
FROM (SELECT t1.a AS a, t1.b AS b
FROM t1), t1

Since the select() construct is essentially being asked to select both from table1 as well as itself.

with_statement_hint(text, dialect_name='*')¶

add a statement hint to this Select.

This method is similar to Select.with_hint() except that it does not require an individual table, and instead applies to the statement as a whole.

Hints here are specific to the backend database and may include directives such as isolation levels, file directives, fetch directives, etc.

New in version 1.0.0.

See also

Select.with_hint()

:meth:.`.Select.prefix_with` - generic SELECT prefixing which also can suit some database-specific HINT syntaxes such as MySQL optimizer hints

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Selectable¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ClauseElement

mark a class as being selectable

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.SelectBase¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.expression.HasCTE, sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Executable, sqlalchemy.sql.expression.FromClause

Base class for SELECT statements.

This includes Select, CompoundSelect and TextAsFrom.

__eq__¶

inherited from the __eq__ attribute of object

Return self==value.

__init__¶

inherited from the __init__ attribute of object

Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__le__¶

inherited from the __le__ attribute of object

Return self<=value.

__lt__¶

inherited from the __lt__ attribute of object

Return self<value.

__ne__¶

inherited from the __ne__ attribute of object

Return self!=value.

alias(name=None, flat=False)¶

inherited from the alias() method of FromClause

return an alias of this FromClause.

E.g.:

a2 = some_table.alias('a2')

The above code creates an Alias object which can be used as a FROM clause in any SELECT statement.

See also

Using Aliases and Subqueries

alias()

as_scalar()¶

return a ‘scalar’ representation of this selectable, which can be used as a column expression.

Typically, a select statement which has only one column in its columns clause is eligible to be used as a scalar expression.

The returned object is an instance of ScalarSelect.

autocommit()¶

return a new selectable with the ‘autocommit’ flag set to True.

Deprecated since version 0.6: The SelectBase.autocommit() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the the Connection.execution_options.autocommit parameter in conjunction with the Executable.execution_options() method.

bind¶

inherited from the bind attribute of Executable

Returns the Engine or Connection to which this Executable is bound, or None if none found.

This is a traversal which checks locally, then checks among the “from” clauses of associated objects until a bound engine or connection is found.

c¶

inherited from the c attribute of FromClause

An alias for the columns attribute.

columns¶

inherited from the columns attribute of FromClause

A named-based collection of ColumnElement objects maintained by this FromClause.

The columns, or c collection, is the gateway to the construction of SQL expressions using table-bound or other selectable-bound columns:

select([mytable]).where(mytable.c.somecolumn == 5)

compare(other, **kw)¶

inherited from the compare() method of ClauseElement

Compare this ClauseElement to the given ClauseElement.

Subclasses should override the default behavior, which is a straight identity comparison.

**kw are arguments consumed by subclass compare() methods and may be used to modify the criteria for comparison. (see ColumnElement)

compile(default, bind=None, dialect=None, **kw)¶

inherited from the compile() method of ClauseElement

Compile this SQL expression.

The return value is a Compiled object. Calling str() or unicode() on the returned value will yield a string representation of the result. The Compiled object also can return a dictionary of bind parameter names and values using the params accessor.

Parameters:

bind¶ – An Engine or Connection from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. column_keys¶ – Used for INSERT and UPDATE statements, a list of column names which should be present in the VALUES clause of the compiled statement. If None, all columns from the target table object are rendered. dialect¶ – A Dialect instance from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over the bind argument as well as this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. inline¶ – Used for INSERT statements, for a dialect which does not support inline retrieval of newly generated primary key columns, will force the expression used to create the new primary key value to be rendered inline within the INSERT statement’s VALUES clause. This typically refers to Sequence execution but may also refer to any server-side default generation function associated with a primary key Column. compile_kwargs¶ – optional dictionary of additional parameters that will be passed through to the compiler within all “visit” methods. This allows any custom flag to be passed through to a custom compilation construct, for example. It is also used for the case of passing the literal_binds flag through: from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, select t = table('t', column('x')) s = select([t]).where(t.c.x == 5) print s.compile(compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}) New in version 0.9.0.

See also

How do I render SQL expressions as strings, possibly with bound parameters inlined?

correspond_on_equivalents(column, equivalents)¶

inherited from the correspond_on_equivalents() method of FromClause

Return corresponding_column for the given column, or if None search for a match in the given dictionary.

corresponding_column(column, require_embedded=False)¶

inherited from the corresponding_column() method of FromClause

Given a ColumnElement, return the exported ColumnElement object from this Selectable which corresponds to that original Column via a common ancestor column.

Parameters:	column¶ – the target ColumnElement to be matched require_embedded¶ – only return corresponding columns for the given ColumnElement, if the given ColumnElement is actually present within a sub-element of this FromClause. Normally the column will match if it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported columns of this FromClause.

count(functions, whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the count() method of FromClause

return a SELECT COUNT generated against this FromClause.

Deprecated since version 1.1: The FromClause.count() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the functions.count function available from the func namespace.

See also

functions.count

cte(name=None, recursive=False)¶

inherited from the cte() method of HasCTE

Return a new CTE, or Common Table Expression instance.

Common table expressions are a SQL standard whereby SELECT statements can draw upon secondary statements specified along with the primary statement, using a clause called “WITH”. Special semantics regarding UNION can also be employed to allow “recursive” queries, where a SELECT statement can draw upon the set of rows that have previously been selected.

CTEs can also be applied to DML constructs UPDATE, INSERT and DELETE on some databases, both as a source of CTE rows when combined with RETURNING, as well as a consumer of CTE rows.

SQLAlchemy detects CTE objects, which are treated similarly to Alias objects, as special elements to be delivered to the FROM clause of the statement as well as to a WITH clause at the top of the statement.

Changed in version 1.1: Added support for UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE as CTE, CTEs added to UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE.

Parameters:	name¶ – name given to the common table expression. Like _FromClause.alias(), the name can be left as None in which case an anonymous symbol will be used at query compile time. recursive¶ – if True, will render WITH RECURSIVE. A recursive common table expression is intended to be used in conjunction with UNION ALL in order to derive rows from those already selected.

The following examples include two from PostgreSQL’s documentation at http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/queries-with.html, as well as additional examples.

Example 1, non recursive:

from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
                        MetaData, select, func)

metadata = MetaData()

orders = Table('orders', metadata,
    Column('region', String),
    Column('amount', Integer),
    Column('product', String),
    Column('quantity', Integer)
)

regional_sales = select([
                    orders.c.region,
                    func.sum(orders.c.amount).label('total_sales')
                ]).group_by(orders.c.region).cte("regional_sales")


top_regions = select([regional_sales.c.region]).\
        where(
            regional_sales.c.total_sales >
            select([
                func.sum(regional_sales.c.total_sales)/10
            ])
        ).cte("top_regions")

statement = select([
            orders.c.region,
            orders.c.product,
            func.sum(orders.c.quantity).label("product_units"),
            func.sum(orders.c.amount).label("product_sales")
    ]).where(orders.c.region.in_(
        select([top_regions.c.region])
    )).group_by(orders.c.region, orders.c.product)

result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()

Example 2, WITH RECURSIVE:

from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
                        MetaData, select, func)

metadata = MetaData()

parts = Table('parts', metadata,
    Column('part', String),
    Column('sub_part', String),
    Column('quantity', Integer),
)

included_parts = select([
                    parts.c.sub_part,
                    parts.c.part,
                    parts.c.quantity]).\
                    where(parts.c.part=='our part').\
                    cte(recursive=True)


incl_alias = included_parts.alias()
parts_alias = parts.alias()
included_parts = included_parts.union_all(
    select([
        parts_alias.c.sub_part,
        parts_alias.c.part,
        parts_alias.c.quantity
    ]).
        where(parts_alias.c.part==incl_alias.c.sub_part)
)

statement = select([
            included_parts.c.sub_part,
            func.sum(included_parts.c.quantity).
              label('total_quantity')
        ]).\
        group_by(included_parts.c.sub_part)

result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()

Example 3, an upsert using UPDATE and INSERT with CTEs:

from datetime import date
from sqlalchemy import (MetaData, Table, Column, Integer,
                        Date, select, literal, and_, exists)

metadata = MetaData()

visitors = Table('visitors', metadata,
    Column('product_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column('date', Date, primary_key=True),
    Column('count', Integer),
)

# add 5 visitors for the product_id == 1
product_id = 1
day = date.today()
count = 5

update_cte = (
    visitors.update()
    .where(and_(visitors.c.product_id == product_id,
                visitors.c.date == day))
    .values(count=visitors.c.count + count)
    .returning(literal(1))
    .cte('update_cte')
)

upsert = visitors.insert().from_select(
    [visitors.c.product_id, visitors.c.date, visitors.c.count],
    select([literal(product_id), literal(day), literal(count)])
        .where(~exists(update_cte.select()))
)

connection.execute(upsert)

See also

orm.query.Query.cte() - ORM version of HasCTE.cte().

description¶

inherited from the description attribute of FromClause

a brief description of this FromClause.

Used primarily for error message formatting.

execute(*multiparams, **params)¶

inherited from the execute() method of Executable

Compile and execute this Executable.

execution_options(**kw)¶

inherited from the execution_options() method of Executable

Set non-SQL options for the statement which take effect during execution.

Execution options can be set on a per-statement or per Connection basis. Additionally, the Engine and ORM Query objects provide access to execution options which they in turn configure upon connections.

The execution_options() method is generative. A new instance of this statement is returned that contains the options:

statement = select([table.c.x, table.c.y])
statement = statement.execution_options(autocommit=True)

Note that only a subset of possible execution options can be applied to a statement - these include “autocommit” and “stream_results”, but not “isolation_level” or “compiled_cache”. See Connection.execution_options() for a full list of possible options.

See also

Connection.execution_options()

Query.execution_options()

Executable.get_execution_options()

foreign_keys¶

inherited from the foreign_keys attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of ForeignKey objects which this FromClause references.

get_children(**kwargs)¶

inherited from the get_children() method of ClauseElement

Return immediate child elements of this ClauseElement.

This is used for visit traversal.

**kwargs may contain flags that change the collection that is returned, for example to return a subset of items in order to cut down on larger traversals, or to return child items from a different context (such as schema-level collections instead of clause-level).

get_execution_options()¶

inherited from the get_execution_options() method of Executable

Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.

New in version 1.3.

See also

Executable.execution_options()

is_derived_from(fromclause)¶

inherited from the is_derived_from() method of FromClause

Return True if this FromClause is ‘derived’ from the given FromClause.

An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.

join(right, onclause=None, isouter=False, full=False)¶

inherited from the join() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import join

j = user_table.join(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)

would emit SQL along the lines of:

SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. isouter¶ – if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. Implies FromClause.join.isouter. New in version 1.1.

See also

join() - standalone function

Join - the type of object produced

label(name)¶

return a ‘scalar’ representation of this selectable, embedded as a subquery with a label.

See also

as_scalar().

lateral(name=None)¶

inherited from the lateral() method of FromClause

Return a LATERAL alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the Lateral construct also provided by the top-level lateral() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

LATERAL correlation - overview of usage.

outerjoin(right, onclause=None, full=False)¶

inherited from the outerjoin() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause, with the “isouter” flag set to True.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import outerjoin

j = user_table.outerjoin(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)

The above is equivalent to:

j = user_table.join(
    address_table,
    user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id,
    isouter=True)

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. New in version 1.1.

See also

FromClause.join()

Join

params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Returns a copy of this ClauseElement with bindparam() elements replaced with values taken from the given dictionary:

>>> clause = column('x') + bindparam('foo')
>>> print clause.compile().params
{'foo':None}
>>> print clause.params({'foo':7}).compile().params
{'foo':7}

primary_key¶

inherited from the primary_key attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of Column objects which comprise the primary key of this FromClause.

replace_selectable(sqlutil, old, alias)¶

inherited from the replace_selectable() method of FromClause

replace all occurrences of FromClause ‘old’ with the given Alias object, returning a copy of this FromClause.

scalar(*multiparams, **params)¶

inherited from the scalar() method of Executable

Compile and execute this Executable, returning the result’s scalar representation.

select(whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the select() method of FromClause

return a SELECT of this FromClause.

See also

select() - general purpose method which allows for arbitrary column lists.

self_group(against=None)¶

inherited from the self_group() method of ClauseElement

Apply a ‘grouping’ to this ClauseElement.

This method is overridden by subclasses to return a “grouping” construct, i.e. parenthesis. In particular it’s used by “binary” expressions to provide a grouping around themselves when placed into a larger expression, as well as by select() constructs when placed into the FROM clause of another select(). (Note that subqueries should be normally created using the Select.alias() method, as many platforms require nested SELECT statements to be named).

As expressions are composed together, the application of self_group() is automatic - end-user code should never need to use this method directly. Note that SQLAlchemy’s clause constructs take operator precedence into account - so parenthesis might not be needed, for example, in an expression like x OR (y AND z) - AND takes precedence over OR.

The base self_group() method of ClauseElement just returns self.

tablesample(sampling, name=None, seed=None)¶

inherited from the tablesample() method of FromClause

Return a TABLESAMPLE alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the TableSample construct also provided by the top-level tablesample() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

tablesample() - usage guidelines and parameters

unique_params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the unique_params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Same functionality as params(), except adds unique=True to affected bind parameters so that multiple statements can be used.

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.TableClause(name, *columns)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Immutable, sqlalchemy.sql.expression.FromClause

Represents a minimal “table” construct.

This is a lightweight table object that has only a name and a collection of columns, which are typically produced by the expression.column() function:

from sqlalchemy import table, column

user = table("user",
        column("id"),
        column("name"),
        column("description"),
)

The TableClause construct serves as the base for the more commonly used Table object, providing the usual set of FromClause services including the .c. collection and statement generation methods.

It does not provide all the additional schema-level services of Table, including constraints, references to other tables, or support for MetaData-level services. It’s useful on its own as an ad-hoc construct used to generate quick SQL statements when a more fully fledged Table is not on hand.

__eq__¶

inherited from the __eq__ attribute of object

Return self==value.

__init__(name, *columns)¶

Construct a new TableClause object.

This constructor is mirrored as a public API function; see table() for a full usage and argument description.

__le__¶

inherited from the __le__ attribute of object

Return self<=value.

__lt__¶

inherited from the __lt__ attribute of object

Return self<value.

__ne__¶

inherited from the __ne__ attribute of object

Return self!=value.

alias(name=None, flat=False)¶

inherited from the alias() method of FromClause

return an alias of this FromClause.

E.g.:

a2 = some_table.alias('a2')

The above code creates an Alias object which can be used as a FROM clause in any SELECT statement.

See also

Using Aliases and Subqueries

alias()

c¶

inherited from the c attribute of FromClause

An alias for the columns attribute.

columns¶

inherited from the columns attribute of FromClause

A named-based collection of ColumnElement objects maintained by this FromClause.

The columns, or c collection, is the gateway to the construction of SQL expressions using table-bound or other selectable-bound columns:

select([mytable]).where(mytable.c.somecolumn == 5)

compare(other, **kw)¶

inherited from the compare() method of ClauseElement

Compare this ClauseElement to the given ClauseElement.

Subclasses should override the default behavior, which is a straight identity comparison.

**kw are arguments consumed by subclass compare() methods and may be used to modify the criteria for comparison. (see ColumnElement)

compile(default, bind=None, dialect=None, **kw)¶

inherited from the compile() method of ClauseElement

Compile this SQL expression.

The return value is a Compiled object. Calling str() or unicode() on the returned value will yield a string representation of the result. The Compiled object also can return a dictionary of bind parameter names and values using the params accessor.

Parameters:

bind¶ – An Engine or Connection from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. column_keys¶ – Used for INSERT and UPDATE statements, a list of column names which should be present in the VALUES clause of the compiled statement. If None, all columns from the target table object are rendered. dialect¶ – A Dialect instance from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over the bind argument as well as this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. inline¶ – Used for INSERT statements, for a dialect which does not support inline retrieval of newly generated primary key columns, will force the expression used to create the new primary key value to be rendered inline within the INSERT statement’s VALUES clause. This typically refers to Sequence execution but may also refer to any server-side default generation function associated with a primary key Column. compile_kwargs¶ – optional dictionary of additional parameters that will be passed through to the compiler within all “visit” methods. This allows any custom flag to be passed through to a custom compilation construct, for example. It is also used for the case of passing the literal_binds flag through: from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, select t = table('t', column('x')) s = select([t]).where(t.c.x == 5) print s.compile(compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}) New in version 0.9.0.

See also

How do I render SQL expressions as strings, possibly with bound parameters inlined?

correspond_on_equivalents(column, equivalents)¶

inherited from the correspond_on_equivalents() method of FromClause

Return corresponding_column for the given column, or if None search for a match in the given dictionary.

corresponding_column(column, require_embedded=False)¶

inherited from the corresponding_column() method of FromClause

Given a ColumnElement, return the exported ColumnElement object from this Selectable which corresponds to that original Column via a common ancestor column.

Parameters:	column¶ – the target ColumnElement to be matched require_embedded¶ – only return corresponding columns for the given ColumnElement, if the given ColumnElement is actually present within a sub-element of this FromClause. Normally the column will match if it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported columns of this FromClause.

count(functions, whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the count() method of FromClause

return a SELECT COUNT generated against this FromClause.

Deprecated since version 1.1: The FromClause.count() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the functions.count function available from the func namespace.

See also

functions.count

delete(dml, whereclause=None, **kwargs)¶

Generate a delete() construct against this TableClause.

E.g.:

table.delete().where(table.c.id==7)

See delete() for argument and usage information.

foreign_keys¶

inherited from the foreign_keys attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of ForeignKey objects which this FromClause references.

get_children(column_collections=True, **kwargs)¶

Return immediate child elements of this ClauseElement.

This is used for visit traversal.

**kwargs may contain flags that change the collection that is returned, for example to return a subset of items in order to cut down on larger traversals, or to return child items from a different context (such as schema-level collections instead of clause-level).

implicit_returning = False¶

TableClause doesn’t support having a primary key or column -level defaults, so implicit returning doesn’t apply.

insert(dml, values=None, inline=False, **kwargs)¶

Generate an insert() construct against this TableClause.

E.g.:

table.insert().values(name='foo')

See insert() for argument and usage information.

is_derived_from(fromclause)¶

inherited from the is_derived_from() method of FromClause

Return True if this FromClause is ‘derived’ from the given FromClause.

An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.

join(right, onclause=None, isouter=False, full=False)¶

inherited from the join() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import join

j = user_table.join(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)

would emit SQL along the lines of:

SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. isouter¶ – if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. Implies FromClause.join.isouter. New in version 1.1.

See also

join() - standalone function

Join - the type of object produced

lateral(name=None)¶

inherited from the lateral() method of FromClause

Return a LATERAL alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the Lateral construct also provided by the top-level lateral() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

LATERAL correlation - overview of usage.

outerjoin(right, onclause=None, full=False)¶

inherited from the outerjoin() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause, with the “isouter” flag set to True.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import outerjoin

j = user_table.outerjoin(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)

The above is equivalent to:

j = user_table.join(
    address_table,
    user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id,
    isouter=True)

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. New in version 1.1.

See also

FromClause.join()

Join

primary_key¶

inherited from the primary_key attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of Column objects which comprise the primary key of this FromClause.

replace_selectable(sqlutil, old, alias)¶

inherited from the replace_selectable() method of FromClause

replace all occurrences of FromClause ‘old’ with the given Alias object, returning a copy of this FromClause.

select(whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the select() method of FromClause

return a SELECT of this FromClause.

See also

select() - general purpose method which allows for arbitrary column lists.

self_group(against=None)¶

inherited from the self_group() method of ClauseElement

Apply a ‘grouping’ to this ClauseElement.

This method is overridden by subclasses to return a “grouping” construct, i.e. parenthesis. In particular it’s used by “binary” expressions to provide a grouping around themselves when placed into a larger expression, as well as by select() constructs when placed into the FROM clause of another select(). (Note that subqueries should be normally created using the Select.alias() method, as many platforms require nested SELECT statements to be named).

As expressions are composed together, the application of self_group() is automatic - end-user code should never need to use this method directly. Note that SQLAlchemy’s clause constructs take operator precedence into account - so parenthesis might not be needed, for example, in an expression like x OR (y AND z) - AND takes precedence over OR.

The base self_group() method of ClauseElement just returns self.

tablesample(sampling, name=None, seed=None)¶

inherited from the tablesample() method of FromClause

Return a TABLESAMPLE alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the TableSample construct also provided by the top-level tablesample() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

tablesample() - usage guidelines and parameters

update(dml, whereclause=None, values=None, inline=False, **kwargs)¶

Generate an update() construct against this TableClause.

E.g.:

table.update().where(table.c.id==7).values(name='foo')

See update() for argument and usage information.

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.TableSample(*arg, **kw)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Alias

Represent a TABLESAMPLE clause.

This object is constructed from the tablesample() module level function as well as the FromClause.tablesample() method available on all FromClause subclasses.

New in version 1.1.

See also

tablesample()

__eq__¶

inherited from the __eq__ attribute of object

Return self==value.

__le__¶

inherited from the __le__ attribute of object

Return self<=value.

__lt__¶

inherited from the __lt__ attribute of object

Return self<value.

__ne__¶

inherited from the __ne__ attribute of object

Return self!=value.

alias(name=None, flat=False)¶

inherited from the alias() method of FromClause

return an alias of this FromClause.

E.g.:

a2 = some_table.alias('a2')

The above code creates an Alias object which can be used as a FROM clause in any SELECT statement.

See also

Using Aliases and Subqueries

alias()

c¶

inherited from the c attribute of FromClause

An alias for the columns attribute.

columns¶

inherited from the columns attribute of FromClause

A named-based collection of ColumnElement objects maintained by this FromClause.

The columns, or c collection, is the gateway to the construction of SQL expressions using table-bound or other selectable-bound columns:

select([mytable]).where(mytable.c.somecolumn == 5)

compare(other, **kw)¶

inherited from the compare() method of ClauseElement

Compare this ClauseElement to the given ClauseElement.

Subclasses should override the default behavior, which is a straight identity comparison.

**kw are arguments consumed by subclass compare() methods and may be used to modify the criteria for comparison. (see ColumnElement)

compile(default, bind=None, dialect=None, **kw)¶

inherited from the compile() method of ClauseElement

Compile this SQL expression.

The return value is a Compiled object. Calling str() or unicode() on the returned value will yield a string representation of the result. The Compiled object also can return a dictionary of bind parameter names and values using the params accessor.

Parameters:

bind¶ – An Engine or Connection from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. column_keys¶ – Used for INSERT and UPDATE statements, a list of column names which should be present in the VALUES clause of the compiled statement. If None, all columns from the target table object are rendered. dialect¶ – A Dialect instance from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over the bind argument as well as this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. inline¶ – Used for INSERT statements, for a dialect which does not support inline retrieval of newly generated primary key columns, will force the expression used to create the new primary key value to be rendered inline within the INSERT statement’s VALUES clause. This typically refers to Sequence execution but may also refer to any server-side default generation function associated with a primary key Column. compile_kwargs¶ – optional dictionary of additional parameters that will be passed through to the compiler within all “visit” methods. This allows any custom flag to be passed through to a custom compilation construct, for example. It is also used for the case of passing the literal_binds flag through: from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, select t = table('t', column('x')) s = select([t]).where(t.c.x == 5) print s.compile(compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}) New in version 0.9.0.

See also

How do I render SQL expressions as strings, possibly with bound parameters inlined?

correspond_on_equivalents(column, equivalents)¶

inherited from the correspond_on_equivalents() method of FromClause

Return corresponding_column for the given column, or if None search for a match in the given dictionary.

corresponding_column(column, require_embedded=False)¶

inherited from the corresponding_column() method of FromClause

Given a ColumnElement, return the exported ColumnElement object from this Selectable which corresponds to that original Column via a common ancestor column.

Parameters:	column¶ – the target ColumnElement to be matched require_embedded¶ – only return corresponding columns for the given ColumnElement, if the given ColumnElement is actually present within a sub-element of this FromClause. Normally the column will match if it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported columns of this FromClause.

count(functions, whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the count() method of FromClause

return a SELECT COUNT generated against this FromClause.

Deprecated since version 1.1: The FromClause.count() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the functions.count function available from the func namespace.

See also

functions.count

description¶

inherited from the description attribute of Alias

a brief description of this FromClause.

Used primarily for error message formatting.

foreign_keys¶

inherited from the foreign_keys attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of ForeignKey objects which this FromClause references.

get_children(column_collections=True, **kw)¶

inherited from the get_children() method of Alias

Return immediate child elements of this ClauseElement.

This is used for visit traversal.

**kwargs may contain flags that change the collection that is returned, for example to return a subset of items in order to cut down on larger traversals, or to return child items from a different context (such as schema-level collections instead of clause-level).

is_derived_from(fromclause)¶

inherited from the is_derived_from() method of Alias

Return True if this FromClause is ‘derived’ from the given FromClause.

An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.

join(right, onclause=None, isouter=False, full=False)¶

inherited from the join() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import join

j = user_table.join(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)

would emit SQL along the lines of:

SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. isouter¶ – if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. Implies FromClause.join.isouter. New in version 1.1.

See also

join() - standalone function

Join - the type of object produced

lateral(name=None)¶

inherited from the lateral() method of FromClause

Return a LATERAL alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the Lateral construct also provided by the top-level lateral() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

LATERAL correlation - overview of usage.

outerjoin(right, onclause=None, full=False)¶

inherited from the outerjoin() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause, with the “isouter” flag set to True.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import outerjoin

j = user_table.outerjoin(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)

The above is equivalent to:

j = user_table.join(
    address_table,
    user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id,
    isouter=True)

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. New in version 1.1.

See also

FromClause.join()

Join

params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Returns a copy of this ClauseElement with bindparam() elements replaced with values taken from the given dictionary:

>>> clause = column('x') + bindparam('foo')
>>> print clause.compile().params
{'foo':None}
>>> print clause.params({'foo':7}).compile().params
{'foo':7}

primary_key¶

inherited from the primary_key attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of Column objects which comprise the primary key of this FromClause.

replace_selectable(sqlutil, old, alias)¶

inherited from the replace_selectable() method of FromClause

replace all occurrences of FromClause ‘old’ with the given Alias object, returning a copy of this FromClause.

select(whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the select() method of FromClause

return a SELECT of this FromClause.

See also

select() - general purpose method which allows for arbitrary column lists.

self_group(against=None)¶

inherited from the self_group() method of Alias

Apply a ‘grouping’ to this ClauseElement.

This method is overridden by subclasses to return a “grouping” construct, i.e. parenthesis. In particular it’s used by “binary” expressions to provide a grouping around themselves when placed into a larger expression, as well as by select() constructs when placed into the FROM clause of another select(). (Note that subqueries should be normally created using the Select.alias() method, as many platforms require nested SELECT statements to be named).

As expressions are composed together, the application of self_group() is automatic - end-user code should never need to use this method directly. Note that SQLAlchemy’s clause constructs take operator precedence into account - so parenthesis might not be needed, for example, in an expression like x OR (y AND z) - AND takes precedence over OR.

The base self_group() method of ClauseElement just returns self.

tablesample(sampling, name=None, seed=None)¶

inherited from the tablesample() method of FromClause

Return a TABLESAMPLE alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the TableSample construct also provided by the top-level tablesample() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

tablesample() - usage guidelines and parameters

unique_params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the unique_params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Same functionality as params(), except adds unique=True to affected bind parameters so that multiple statements can be used.

class sqlalchemy.sql.expression.TextAsFrom(text, columns, positional=False)¶

Bases: sqlalchemy.sql.expression.SelectBase

Wrap a TextClause construct within a SelectBase interface.

This allows the TextClause object to gain a .c collection and other FROM-like capabilities such as FromClause.alias(), SelectBase.cte(), etc.

The TextAsFrom construct is produced via the TextClause.columns() method - see that method for details.

New in version 0.9.0.

See also

text()

TextClause.columns()

__eq__¶

inherited from the __eq__ attribute of object

Return self==value.

__le__¶

inherited from the __le__ attribute of object

Return self<=value.

__lt__¶

inherited from the __lt__ attribute of object

Return self<value.

__ne__¶

inherited from the __ne__ attribute of object

Return self!=value.

alias(name=None, flat=False)¶

inherited from the alias() method of FromClause

return an alias of this FromClause.

E.g.:

a2 = some_table.alias('a2')

The above code creates an Alias object which can be used as a FROM clause in any SELECT statement.

See also

Using Aliases and Subqueries

alias()

as_scalar()¶

inherited from the as_scalar() method of SelectBase

return a ‘scalar’ representation of this selectable, which can be used as a column expression.

Typically, a select statement which has only one column in its columns clause is eligible to be used as a scalar expression.

The returned object is an instance of ScalarSelect.

autocommit()¶

inherited from the autocommit() method of SelectBase

return a new selectable with the ‘autocommit’ flag set to True.

Deprecated since version 0.6: The SelectBase.autocommit() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the the Connection.execution_options.autocommit parameter in conjunction with the Executable.execution_options() method.

bind¶

inherited from the bind attribute of Executable

Returns the Engine or Connection to which this Executable is bound, or None if none found.

This is a traversal which checks locally, then checks among the “from” clauses of associated objects until a bound engine or connection is found.

c¶

inherited from the c attribute of FromClause

An alias for the columns attribute.

columns¶

inherited from the columns attribute of FromClause

A named-based collection of ColumnElement objects maintained by this FromClause.

The columns, or c collection, is the gateway to the construction of SQL expressions using table-bound or other selectable-bound columns:

select([mytable]).where(mytable.c.somecolumn == 5)

compare(other, **kw)¶

inherited from the compare() method of ClauseElement

Compare this ClauseElement to the given ClauseElement.

Subclasses should override the default behavior, which is a straight identity comparison.

**kw are arguments consumed by subclass compare() methods and may be used to modify the criteria for comparison. (see ColumnElement)

compile(default, bind=None, dialect=None, **kw)¶

inherited from the compile() method of ClauseElement

Compile this SQL expression.

The return value is a Compiled object. Calling str() or unicode() on the returned value will yield a string representation of the result. The Compiled object also can return a dictionary of bind parameter names and values using the params accessor.

Parameters:

bind¶ – An Engine or Connection from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. column_keys¶ – Used for INSERT and UPDATE statements, a list of column names which should be present in the VALUES clause of the compiled statement. If None, all columns from the target table object are rendered. dialect¶ – A Dialect instance from which a Compiled will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over the bind argument as well as this ClauseElement’s bound engine, if any. inline¶ – Used for INSERT statements, for a dialect which does not support inline retrieval of newly generated primary key columns, will force the expression used to create the new primary key value to be rendered inline within the INSERT statement’s VALUES clause. This typically refers to Sequence execution but may also refer to any server-side default generation function associated with a primary key Column. compile_kwargs¶ – optional dictionary of additional parameters that will be passed through to the compiler within all “visit” methods. This allows any custom flag to be passed through to a custom compilation construct, for example. It is also used for the case of passing the literal_binds flag through: from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, select t = table('t', column('x')) s = select([t]).where(t.c.x == 5) print s.compile(compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}) New in version 0.9.0.

See also

How do I render SQL expressions as strings, possibly with bound parameters inlined?

correspond_on_equivalents(column, equivalents)¶

inherited from the correspond_on_equivalents() method of FromClause

Return corresponding_column for the given column, or if None search for a match in the given dictionary.

corresponding_column(column, require_embedded=False)¶

inherited from the corresponding_column() method of FromClause

Given a ColumnElement, return the exported ColumnElement object from this Selectable which corresponds to that original Column via a common ancestor column.

Parameters:	column¶ – the target ColumnElement to be matched require_embedded¶ – only return corresponding columns for the given ColumnElement, if the given ColumnElement is actually present within a sub-element of this FromClause. Normally the column will match if it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported columns of this FromClause.

count(functions, whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the count() method of FromClause

return a SELECT COUNT generated against this FromClause.

Deprecated since version 1.1: The FromClause.count() method is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release. Please use the functions.count function available from the func namespace.

See also

functions.count

cte(name=None, recursive=False)¶

inherited from the cte() method of HasCTE

Return a new CTE, or Common Table Expression instance.

Common table expressions are a SQL standard whereby SELECT statements can draw upon secondary statements specified along with the primary statement, using a clause called “WITH”. Special semantics regarding UNION can also be employed to allow “recursive” queries, where a SELECT statement can draw upon the set of rows that have previously been selected.

CTEs can also be applied to DML constructs UPDATE, INSERT and DELETE on some databases, both as a source of CTE rows when combined with RETURNING, as well as a consumer of CTE rows.

SQLAlchemy detects CTE objects, which are treated similarly to Alias objects, as special elements to be delivered to the FROM clause of the statement as well as to a WITH clause at the top of the statement.

Changed in version 1.1: Added support for UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE as CTE, CTEs added to UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE.

Parameters:	name¶ – name given to the common table expression. Like _FromClause.alias(), the name can be left as None in which case an anonymous symbol will be used at query compile time. recursive¶ – if True, will render WITH RECURSIVE. A recursive common table expression is intended to be used in conjunction with UNION ALL in order to derive rows from those already selected.

The following examples include two from PostgreSQL’s documentation at http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/queries-with.html, as well as additional examples.

Example 1, non recursive:

from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
                        MetaData, select, func)

metadata = MetaData()

orders = Table('orders', metadata,
    Column('region', String),
    Column('amount', Integer),
    Column('product', String),
    Column('quantity', Integer)
)

regional_sales = select([
                    orders.c.region,
                    func.sum(orders.c.amount).label('total_sales')
                ]).group_by(orders.c.region).cte("regional_sales")


top_regions = select([regional_sales.c.region]).\
        where(
            regional_sales.c.total_sales >
            select([
                func.sum(regional_sales.c.total_sales)/10
            ])
        ).cte("top_regions")

statement = select([
            orders.c.region,
            orders.c.product,
            func.sum(orders.c.quantity).label("product_units"),
            func.sum(orders.c.amount).label("product_sales")
    ]).where(orders.c.region.in_(
        select([top_regions.c.region])
    )).group_by(orders.c.region, orders.c.product)

result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()

Example 2, WITH RECURSIVE:

from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
                        MetaData, select, func)

metadata = MetaData()

parts = Table('parts', metadata,
    Column('part', String),
    Column('sub_part', String),
    Column('quantity', Integer),
)

included_parts = select([
                    parts.c.sub_part,
                    parts.c.part,
                    parts.c.quantity]).\
                    where(parts.c.part=='our part').\
                    cte(recursive=True)


incl_alias = included_parts.alias()
parts_alias = parts.alias()
included_parts = included_parts.union_all(
    select([
        parts_alias.c.sub_part,
        parts_alias.c.part,
        parts_alias.c.quantity
    ]).
        where(parts_alias.c.part==incl_alias.c.sub_part)
)

statement = select([
            included_parts.c.sub_part,
            func.sum(included_parts.c.quantity).
              label('total_quantity')
        ]).\
        group_by(included_parts.c.sub_part)

result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()

Example 3, an upsert using UPDATE and INSERT with CTEs:

from datetime import date
from sqlalchemy import (MetaData, Table, Column, Integer,
                        Date, select, literal, and_, exists)

metadata = MetaData()

visitors = Table('visitors', metadata,
    Column('product_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column('date', Date, primary_key=True),
    Column('count', Integer),
)

# add 5 visitors for the product_id == 1
product_id = 1
day = date.today()
count = 5

update_cte = (
    visitors.update()
    .where(and_(visitors.c.product_id == product_id,
                visitors.c.date == day))
    .values(count=visitors.c.count + count)
    .returning(literal(1))
    .cte('update_cte')
)

upsert = visitors.insert().from_select(
    [visitors.c.product_id, visitors.c.date, visitors.c.count],
    select([literal(product_id), literal(day), literal(count)])
        .where(~exists(update_cte.select()))
)

connection.execute(upsert)

See also

orm.query.Query.cte() - ORM version of HasCTE.cte().

description¶

inherited from the description attribute of FromClause

a brief description of this FromClause.

Used primarily for error message formatting.

execute(*multiparams, **params)¶

inherited from the execute() method of Executable

Compile and execute this Executable.

execution_options(**kw)¶

inherited from the execution_options() method of Executable

Set non-SQL options for the statement which take effect during execution.

Execution options can be set on a per-statement or per Connection basis. Additionally, the Engine and ORM Query objects provide access to execution options which they in turn configure upon connections.

The execution_options() method is generative. A new instance of this statement is returned that contains the options:

statement = select([table.c.x, table.c.y])
statement = statement.execution_options(autocommit=True)

Note that only a subset of possible execution options can be applied to a statement - these include “autocommit” and “stream_results”, but not “isolation_level” or “compiled_cache”. See Connection.execution_options() for a full list of possible options.

See also

Connection.execution_options()

Query.execution_options()

Executable.get_execution_options()

foreign_keys¶

inherited from the foreign_keys attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of ForeignKey objects which this FromClause references.

get_children(**kwargs)¶

inherited from the get_children() method of ClauseElement

Return immediate child elements of this ClauseElement.

This is used for visit traversal.

**kwargs may contain flags that change the collection that is returned, for example to return a subset of items in order to cut down on larger traversals, or to return child items from a different context (such as schema-level collections instead of clause-level).

get_execution_options()¶

inherited from the get_execution_options() method of Executable

Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.

New in version 1.3.

See also

Executable.execution_options()

is_derived_from(fromclause)¶

inherited from the is_derived_from() method of FromClause

Return True if this FromClause is ‘derived’ from the given FromClause.

An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.

join(right, onclause=None, isouter=False, full=False)¶

inherited from the join() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import join

j = user_table.join(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)

would emit SQL along the lines of:

SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. isouter¶ – if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. Implies FromClause.join.isouter. New in version 1.1.

See also

join() - standalone function

Join - the type of object produced

label(name)¶

inherited from the label() method of SelectBase

return a ‘scalar’ representation of this selectable, embedded as a subquery with a label.

See also

as_scalar().

lateral(name=None)¶

inherited from the lateral() method of FromClause

Return a LATERAL alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the Lateral construct also provided by the top-level lateral() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

LATERAL correlation - overview of usage.

outerjoin(right, onclause=None, full=False)¶

inherited from the outerjoin() method of FromClause

Return a Join from this FromClause to another FromClause, with the “isouter” flag set to True.

E.g.:

from sqlalchemy import outerjoin

j = user_table.outerjoin(address_table,
                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)

The above is equivalent to:

j = user_table.join(
    address_table,
    user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id,
    isouter=True)

Parameters:

right¶ – the right side of the join; this is any FromClause object such as a Table object, and may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped class. onclause¶ – a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the join. If left at None, FromClause.join() will attempt to join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship. full¶ – if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER JOIN. New in version 1.1.

See also

FromClause.join()

Join

params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Returns a copy of this ClauseElement with bindparam() elements replaced with values taken from the given dictionary:

>>> clause = column('x') + bindparam('foo')
>>> print clause.compile().params
{'foo':None}
>>> print clause.params({'foo':7}).compile().params
{'foo':7}

primary_key¶

inherited from the primary_key attribute of FromClause

Return the collection of Column objects which comprise the primary key of this FromClause.

replace_selectable(sqlutil, old, alias)¶

inherited from the replace_selectable() method of FromClause

replace all occurrences of FromClause ‘old’ with the given Alias object, returning a copy of this FromClause.

scalar(*multiparams, **params)¶

inherited from the scalar() method of Executable

Compile and execute this Executable, returning the result’s scalar representation.

select(whereclause=None, **params)¶

inherited from the select() method of FromClause

return a SELECT of this FromClause.

See also

select() - general purpose method which allows for arbitrary column lists.

self_group(against=None)¶

inherited from the self_group() method of ClauseElement

Apply a ‘grouping’ to this ClauseElement.

This method is overridden by subclasses to return a “grouping” construct, i.e. parenthesis. In particular it’s used by “binary” expressions to provide a grouping around themselves when placed into a larger expression, as well as by select() constructs when placed into the FROM clause of another select(). (Note that subqueries should be normally created using the Select.alias() method, as many platforms require nested SELECT statements to be named).

As expressions are composed together, the application of self_group() is automatic - end-user code should never need to use this method directly. Note that SQLAlchemy’s clause constructs take operator precedence into account - so parenthesis might not be needed, for example, in an expression like x OR (y AND z) - AND takes precedence over OR.

The base self_group() method of ClauseElement just returns self.

tablesample(sampling, name=None, seed=None)¶

inherited from the tablesample() method of FromClause

Return a TABLESAMPLE alias of this FromClause.

The return value is the TableSample construct also provided by the top-level tablesample() function.

New in version 1.1.

See also

tablesample() - usage guidelines and parameters

unique_params(*optionaldict, **kwargs)¶

inherited from the unique_params() method of ClauseElement

Return a copy with bindparam() elements replaced.

Same functionality as params(), except adds unique=True to affected bind parameters so that multiple statements can be used.